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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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                <text>Tammy Wynette (May 5, 1942-April 6, 1998)&#13;
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Virginia Wynette Pugh was born May 5, 1942 in Tremont, Mississippi, but she spent much or her childhood just across the state line in Red Bay, Alabama.  After her father died when she was nine months old, she lived mostly with her grandparents on a farm that spanned the state line.  As she grew up, she worked on the farm, taught herself to play guitar, served as pianist at the Providence Baptist Church, and sang in school programs.  Just before graduating high school, Virginia married Euple Byrd, with whom she had three children.  Byrd was often unemployed and moved the family around, so Virginia worked as a waitress.  When the couple split, she moved to Birmingham to live with relatives while she worked as a beautician and sang in WBRC’s popular Country Boy Eddy television show.  In 1965, she made several trips to Nashville and moved there a year later.  She auditioned for Alabama native, Billy Sherrill, with Epic Records who quickly signed her and changed her stage name to Tammy Wynette.&#13;
&#13;
Wynette’s first hit, “Apartment #9,” was the first of twenty-one No. 1 hits.  Her hits included: “I Don’t Wanna Play House,” “D-I-V-O-R-C-E,” “Stand By Your Man,” “Singing My Song,” “He Loves Me All the Way,” and “Woman to Woman.”&#13;
&#13;
Her marriage to George Jones from 1969 to 1975 produced many hit duets including “The Ceremony,” “We’re Gonna Hold On,” “Two Story House,” “We’re Not the Jet Set,” and “Golden Ring.”&#13;
&#13;
She married songwriter-producer George Richey in 1978 and released an autobiography Stand By Your Man in 1979.  Wynette continued to record hits through the 1990s.  She teamed up with Dolly Parton and Loretta Lynn in 1993 for their landmark "Honky Tonk Angels" album.  In 1995, she and her ex-husband Jones, released a reunion album. &#13;
&#13;
Wynette died in her sleep April 6, 1998, of a pulmonary blood clot; she was 55.  &#13;
&#13;
She was known as the “First Lady of Country Music.”  Wynette was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 1993 and the Country Music Hall of Fame shortly after her death.&#13;
&#13;
Click the link to listen.&#13;
&#13;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DwBirf4BWew&#13;
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                <text>Ernie Ashworth (December 15, 1928 - March 2, 2009)&#13;
&#13;
Even though he had written songs for some of country music’s biggest stars, and that he himself had scored two top 10 hits, it wasn’t until after he had scored his one and only number-one single that Ernie Ashworth finally left his job working in the guided missile program at Redstone Arsenal in his hometown of Huntsville, Alabama. His life before, and after, was just as varied as his day and night jobs in 1963. Born December 15, 1928, Ernest Bert Ashworth began his career in music singing and playing guitar on local radio station WBHP-AM, from 1948 to 1949, when he moved to Nashville, Tennessee to continue his career in radio. It was there that he was signed by Wesley Rose of Acuff-Rose Music as a songwriter, writing songs recorded by such artists as Jimmy Dickens, Johnny Horton, and Carl Smith. However, after not making his mark as a singer, Ernie left Nashville in 1957 and returned to Huntsville, where he landed a job working at the Army’s Redstone Arsenal. It wasn’t until 1960 that Wesley Rose, who hadn’t given up on Ernie, arranged a recording contract for Ernie with Decca Records. Scoring three top-20 hits in two years, Ernie moved on to Hickory Records, a subsidiary owned by Acuff-Rose Music, which is where he found his greatest success as a performer. After a Top Five hit with “Everybody But Me” and a Top Ten hit with, “I Take The Chance” in 1962, Ernie found his success in 1963 with “Talk Back Trembling Lips,” his lone number-one song, which stayed on the country charts for 42 weeks. This success led to Ernie being invited to join the Grand Ole Opry as a member in 1964. While he continued to score more records that charted, none came close to the success of his signature song, although he continued to tour and perform on the Opry stage. It was then that Ernie’s career came full circle, as he once again found himself in the radio business, this time as an owner, with stations in Flomaton, Alabama, Ardmore, Tennessee, and Gallatin, Tennessee. In 1999, Ernie, who was always a popular figure overseas, scored a number-one hit on the UK Independent Chart with “Lonely Only Bar.” Ernie was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 2008. Ernie Ashworth died on March 2, 2009, in Hartsville, Tennessee following heart surgery, leaving behind a life in music few can match.&#13;
&#13;
Watch and Listen:&#13;
"Talk Back Trembling Lips" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UtCB6fftSwA&#13;
"Ernie Ashworth Talks 'Talk Back Trembling Lips'" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ddgmQBMu4x0&#13;
"The D.J. Cried" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vpdt4Hrp2Lg&#13;
"Everybody But Me" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RDlz0hKdB_M</text>
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                <text>Ernie Ashworth official website http://www.ernieashworth.com/ Accessed November 1, 2016&#13;
Ernie Ashworth: Alabama Music Hall of Fame http://alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/2008/ernie-ashworth/ Accessed November 1, 2016&#13;
&#13;
All images courtesy of Mr. George Lair and the Alabama Music Hall of Fame, unless otherwise noted.</text>
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                <text>Percy Sledge (November 25, 1940-April 14, 2015)&#13;
&#13;
Percy Tyrone Sledge was born November 25, 1940 in the poor farming town of Leighton, Alabama. Sledge worked on many local farms then was hired as an orderly at the hospital in Sheffield where he delighted patients and staff by singing on the job. On weekends, he sang in an R&amp;B combo called the Esquires. &#13;
&#13;
Sledge was discovered when a patient at the hospital where he was working introduced him to record producer Quin Ivy in 1965. His first recording for Atlantic Records, “When a Man Loves a Woman,” reached No. 1 on the pop charts in 1966 and became the label’s first gold record. After his first album was released, Sledge released three more in the 1960s: “Warm and Tender Soul”, “The Percy Sledge Way”, and “Take Time to Know Her”. Sledge never again reached the success of “When a Man Loves a Woman” which became an early highlight of the Muscle Shoals music scene and was used in several movie soundtracks in the 1980s. Although he said he had hummed the melody of the song all his life, he was not listed as a co-writer, so he never received any royalties for his most successful song. He may not have reached the success of “When a Man Loves a Woman” again, but he did spend the next fifty years recording and performing. Songs like “I’ll Be Your Everything” hit the charts well into the 1970s. He released his final album, “The Gospel of Percy Sledge”, in 2013. &#13;
&#13;
Sledge was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 1993 and the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2005. &#13;
&#13;
He died April 14, 2015 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana at age 74.&#13;
&#13;
Click the link to listen.&#13;
&#13;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DMgFK_GPaw0&#13;
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                <text>Coscarelli, Joe. “Percy Sledge, Smooth Wailer in ‘When a Man Loves a Woman,’ is Dead at 74.” The New York Times (2015). http://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/15/arts/music/percy-sledge-who-sang-when-a-man-loves-a-woman-dies-at-74.html?_r=0 &#13;
&#13;
“Percy Sledge.” Alabama Music Hall of Fame (2016).   http://alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/1993/percy-sledge/ &#13;
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                <text>Curly Putman (Nov. 20, 1930-Oct. 30, 2016)&#13;
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Claude “Curly” Putman Jr., born in Princeton, Alabama, is best known as a songwriter. &#13;
&#13;
He was born on Putman Mountain, northeast of Huntsville, Alabama. His father was a sawmill worker and his mother Myrtle Roden Putman was a homemaker. He attended Paint Rock Valley High School and Southern Union State Community College briefly before enlisting in the navy. He served two tours in Korea during the Korean war on the carrier Valley Forge. Afterwards, he coached basketball and taught physical education at Paint Rock Valley High while playing steel guitar on the side. He eventually got a job at a record store in Huntsville owned by a local country singer, Slim Lay. In 1956, Putman married Bernice Soon, with whom he had a son. &#13;
&#13;
In 1960, his song, “I Think I Know You,” performed by Marion Worth, reached the Top 10. Shortly after, Alabama native Buddy Killen, signed Patman to Nashville’s Tree Publishing Company. In 1965, Putman’s “The Green, Green Grass of Home” was recorded by Johnny Darrell. The song was later recorded by Porter Wagoner, Tom Jones, Jerry Lee Lewis, Elvis Presley, Dean Martin, Gram Parsons, Joe Tex, the Grateful Dead, and any more. Putman continued to write hits for the next two decades for artists such as Charlie Rich, Tammy Wynette, the Statler Brothers, Tanya Tucker, and George Jones. &#13;
&#13;
Putman earned thirty-six BMI awards and was inducted into the Nashville Songwriters Hall of Fame in 1976. He was inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 1993. &#13;
&#13;
Putman died October 30, 2016 at his home in Lebanon, Tennessee.&#13;
&#13;
Click the link to listen.&#13;
&#13;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sYir_CAi-e0&#13;
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                <text>Grimes, William. “Curly Putman, Writer of ‘The Green, Green Grass of Home,’ Dies at 85.” The New York Times. (2016) http://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/01/arts/music/curly-putnam-died.html &#13;
&#13;
“Curly Putman.” Alabama Music Hall of Fame. (2016) http://alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/1993/curly-putman/      &#13;
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Keith S. Hebert</text>
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                <text>Alabama&#13;
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Members:&#13;
Randy Owen (Dec. 13, 1949- ) (lead singer, rhythm guitarist, and songwriter),&#13;
Teddy Gentry (Jan. 22, 1952- ) (bass player, songwriter, and harmony vocalist)&#13;
Jeff Cook (Aug. 27, 1949- ) (multi-instrumentalist, singer, and songwriter)&#13;
Mark Herndon (May 11, 1955- ) (drummer).&#13;
&#13;
Cousins Randy Owen, Teddy Gentry, and Jeff Cook, of Ft. Payne, Alabama, formed the band Young Country in 1969 while Owen and Cook were still in high school. After graduation, the group moved to Anniston and changed their name to Wildcountry in 1972. In 1973, they moved to Myrtle Beach, South Carolina where they were hired to play in a honky-tonk, The Bowery.&#13;
&#13;
The group signed a contract with GRT in 1977 and changed its name to Alabama. That same year they released a minor hit, “I Wanna be with You Tonight.” Two years later, after using many different drummers, Mark Herndon joined the band. In 1980, the Top 20 hit, “My Home’s in Alabama,” was released by MDJ. The hit led to the group signing with RCA Records. &#13;
&#13;
Alabama paved the way for groups in country music, being the first country group to top the charts with “Tennessee River” in 1980. Thus began an incredible streak of 27 No. 1 hits. Alabama dominated the charts throughout the 1980s and entered the 1990s with the hit “I’m in a Hurry.” &#13;
&#13;
The group has supported many worthy causes over the years. In 1989, Owen worked with St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital in Memphis to create Country Cares, a network of 160 radio stations whose radio-thons raised $130 million for the hospital. In 1997, Alabama participated in the holiday benefit album, Country Cares for Kids. According to the Alabama Department of Archives and History, Alabama also hosted an annual June Jam in Fort Payne from 1982 to 1997 to benefit charities and schools. &#13;
&#13;
Alabama was named the Academy of Country Music Artist of the Decade (1980s). They were inducted into the Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 1993. The band received a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1998 and accepted the Minnie Pearl Humanitarian Award two years later. Alabama began a farewell tour in 2003, which extended into 2004. In 2005, they were inducted into the Country Music Hall of Fame. In the years since the farewell tour, the band has recorded several albums and completed many reunion tours. &#13;
&#13;
Click the link to listen.&#13;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z8Rs4bQDZgM&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Alabama Department of Archives and History (2016) http://www.digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/photo/id/19861 &amp;ldquo;Alabama.&amp;rdquo; Alabama Music Hall of Fame. (2016) http://alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/1993/alabama/</text>
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Keith S. Hebert</text>
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                <text>William L. Dawson (September 26, 1899-May 4, 1990)&#13;
&#13;
William Levi Dawson was an African American composer, performer, and music educator from Anniston, Alabama.&#13;
&#13;
Dawson graduated from the Tuskegee Institute with highest honors in 1921. He earned a bachelor of music degree from Horner Institute of Fine Arts in Kansas City, Missouri in 1925. He studied under Felix Borowski at the Chicago Musical College and studied under Adolph Weidig at the American Conservatory, where he earned a master’s degree in music in 1927. Dawson served as first trombonist with the Chicago Civic Orchestra from 1926 to 1930. He won a Chicago Daily News contest for band directors in 1929. Shortly after, he was awarded the Wanamaker Contest prize for the song “Jump Back Honey, Jump Back” and the orchestral composition “Scherzo.” &#13;
&#13;
In 1931, Dawson became director of the School of Music at the Tuskegee Institute. As director, he conducted the 100-voice a cappella choir during its engagement at the opening of the Radio City Music Hall in New York; the choir also performed at Carnegie Hall, the White House and Constitution Hall and completed a series of national and international radio broadcasts. In 1934, the choir made a tour of international and interracial good will to the British Isles, Europe, and the Soviet Union. Years later, the United States State Department sent Dawson to Spain to conduct various choral groups. In 1956, he was awarded an honorary degree of Doctor of Music by the Tuskegee Institute.&#13;
&#13;
Perhaps his greatest achievement was as composer of the Negro Folk Symphony which combined melody and rhythm from Negro spirituals with his own original material. The Negro Folk Symphony was presented by the Philadelphia Symphony Orchestra in 1934. In 1952, Dawson visited seven West African countries, after which he revised the symphony to include rhythm inspired by African influences. He recorded Negro Folk Symphony for Decca Records in 1961. Dawson was a guest conductor for the Kansas City Philharmonic Orchestra in 1966, Wayne State University Glee Club in 1970, and the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra in 1975.&#13;
&#13;
Dawson was inducted into the Alabama Arts Hall of Fame in 1975 and the Alabama Music Hall of Fame in 1989 and received the Alabama Arts Award in 1980. He received honorary doctorates from Lincoln University in 1978 and Ithaca College in 1982. In 1983, Dawson received the Alumni Merit Award from Tuskegee Institute, at age 90.&#13;
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                <text>“William Levi Dawson.” Alabama Music Hall of Fame. (2016) &lt;http://alamhof.org/inductees/timeline/1989/william-levi-dawson/&gt;  </text>
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                <text>Sam Phillips (1923-2003)&#13;
&#13;
Samuel Cornelius Phillips was born January 5, 1923 in Florence, Alabama. He was the youngest of eight children born to Charles Tucker Phillips and Madge Ella Phillips. He was born into a middle-class farming family, but the family lost the farm during the Great Depression. His love of music was evident early on; he was active in his high school band, playing several different instruments, and eventually becoming the conductor. Sam dropped out of school just before graduation to support his mother and deaf aunt after his father died. He married Rebecca Burns in 1942; the couple had two sons, Knox and Jerry. He took an extension course in audio engineering from Alabama Polytechnic Institute (present-day Auburn University), but his passion for music remained his focus. From 1942 to 1949, Sam worked as radio engineer and host for several different stations including the following: WMSG in Decatur, Alabama; WLAY in Nashville, Tennessee where he became known as host of “Afternoon Tea Dance;” and WREC in Memphis, Tennessee. This work allowed Sam to acquire up many skills including transferring recordings from vinyl to acetate tapes and prerecording shows for radio hosts. In 1950 Phillips opened the Memphis Recording Service on Union Avenue in Memphis, Tennessee in order to meet the need of local musicians who had to travel to either Nashville, New Orleans, or Chicago to record. Early on, Phillips raised most of his business by offering anyone who walked in the chance to “cut” a record for a few dollars. He also recorded private events such as weddings. Eventually, Phillips started his own record label, Phillips Records. His first record, “Boogie in the Park,” by Joe Hill Louis, attracted the attention of B.B. King, Chester Arthur Burnett (Howlin’ Wolf), and Ike Turner, each of which went on to record his first record with Phillips Records. Phillips’s first hit record, “Rocket 88,” by Jackie Brenston and His Delta Cats reached the top of the rhythm and blues charts in 1951. In 1952, Philips renamed the label Sun Records. Sun Record’s first single was Johnny London’s “Drivin’ Show” released in March 1952. A year later, Elvis Presley recorded two songs at Sun Records as a gift to his mother. In 1954, Elvis returned and made a record of ten songs, including “That’s Alright (Mama).” Phillips signed Presley to a contract and booked him to play shows across the country. In need of money, Phillips sold the contract to RCA for $35,000, a decision he later regretted. However, the money allowed him to expand Sun Records and offer recording deals to Jerry Lee Lewis, Johnny Cash, Carl Perkins, and Roy Orbison. Around this time, Phillips separated from his wife and began a relationship with Sally Wilbourn which lasted until his death. The studio did well, expanded, and included more diverse material. Phillips bought radio stations and real estate and invested in the Holiday Inn chain of hotels. He sold Sun Records in 1969 but stayed active in the radio business. He died of respiratory failure August 1, 2003. Phillips has been inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (1986), the Alabama Music Hall of Fame (1987), the Country Music Hall of Fame (2001), and the Rockabilly Hall of Fame. The original site of Sun Records is a National Historic Landmark, and each January a Sam Phillips Music Celebration is hosted in Florence, Alabama. &#13;
&#13;
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Born Nathaniel Adams Coles, on March 17, 1919, in Montgomery, Alabama, crooner Nat Cole was known for his smooth, soft baritone and easygoing nature. When Nat was four years old, his father, Edward Coles, a Baptist minister, moved the family north to Chicago, Illinois. His mother, Perlina, who played the organ in her husband’s church, was one of his musical influences. As Chicago was a magnet for jazz musicians, Nat was also influenced by such artists as Louis Armstrong, and Earl “Fatha” Hines, who he would sneak out of his house to go listen to at the various clubs around the city. Dropping out of high school before graduation, Nat first played piano for his brother’s group, Eddie Cole’s Solid Swingers. Settling in Los Angeles after a national tour that he was part off failed, Nat joined with guitarist Oscar Moore and bassist Wesley Price in the late 1930s to form the King Cole trio, as Nat had acquired the moniker “King,” due in part to the Mother Goose nursery rhyme, ‘Old King Cole,” as well as a nod to his musical prowess. Originally, the group focused on instrumental tunes, with Nat offering vocals on occasion. Legend has it that Nat’s singing career took off when a drunken patron insisted that he sing “Sweet Lorraine.” While this story has been discounted, mainly by Cole himself, he nevertheless didn’t discourage it. Nat’s explanation of his transformation in simpler terms, stating, “I started out to become a jazz pianist; in the meantime I started singing and I sang the way I felt and that's just the way it came out.” By 1943, with the help of appearances on such radio shows as Swing Soiree, the Chesterfield Supper Club, and Kraft Music Hall, The King Cole Trio had scored their first major hit with Nat’s own composition, Straighten Up and Fly Right.” Later hits like “The Christmas Song” (1946), “Route 66” (1946), “Nature Boy” (1948, and “Mona Lisa” (1950), solidified Nat’s place as a solo act and moved him away from his jazz roots with The King Cole Trio. In 1956, Nat made history by becoming the first African American to host a show on American television, The Nat “King” Cole Show on NBC. The show lasted for just over a year, ending when the show’s producers were unable to find a national sponsor, due in part to reluctance to advance a show hosted by, and featuring, African American entertainers. Although not overtly vocal regarding the civil rights battle going on in America in the 1950s and 1960s, Nat was an advocate for equality, contributing money to the Montgomery Bus Boycott and bringing lawsuits against hotels that hired him to entertain, but refused to serve him. Nat’s career kept moving forward, as he combined his singing with a fledgling acting career, the highlight being the role of W.C. Handy in 1958’s “St. Louis Blues”, based on the life of Handy. It was around this time that Nat ventured into another new genre, Latin music, recording three albums exclusively in Spanish and Portuguese from 1958 to 1962. In December of 1964, after having experienced back pain and weight loss over the previous few months, Nat was diagnosed with terminal lung cancer. A heavy smoker for most of his life, Nat continued to work in spite of the diagnosis and pain, releasing his final album L-O-V-E, as well as filming his last movie, “Cat Ballou,” starring Jane Fonda and Lee Marvin. Nat succumbed to lung cancer on February 15, 1965. Nat’s popularity has remained strong long after his death, aided in part by his daughter Natalie’s recording of her father’s 1951 hit, “Unforgettable,” which combined new vocal from Natalie with those of her father’s. Posthumously, Nat has been enshrined in the Alabama Music Hall of Fame (1985), the Alabama Jazz Hall of Fame (1993), the Down Beat Jazz Hall of Fame (1997), the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (2000), and the Latin Songwriters Hall of Fame (2013), as well as being featured on a United States postage stamp in 1994. Long after his passing, Nat’s sound is still influencing new generations of singers and finding new listeners.&#13;
&#13;
Watch &amp; Listen:&#13;
"Nat King Cole - Unforgettable" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fy_JRGjc1To&#13;
"Nat King Cole - When I Fall In Love (From Movie - Istanbul 1957)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f8lNgdpVakY&#13;
"Memphis Blues Scene from 'St. Louis Blues' (1958)" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kvd76QiRs-4&#13;
"Nat Cole and early family interview" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A_oXfIwSXIc&#13;
"Nat 'King' Cole Interview" https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=v3F5N3PSKik&#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Epstein, Daniel Mark. Nat King Cole. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1999&#13;
 &#13;
Santelli, Robert. The Big Book of Blues: A Biographical Encyclopedia. New York: Penguin Books, 1993&#13;
&#13;
 “Nat ‘King’ Cole.” http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-1552. Accessed November 29, 2016. &#13;
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Gilliland, John. Show 22 - Smack Dab in the Middle on Route 66: A skinny dip in the easy listening mainstream. [Part 1]. UNT Digital Library. http://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19775/. Accessed November 29, 2016.&#13;
&#13;
All images courtesy of Mr. George Lair and the Alabama Music Hall of Fame, unless otherwise noted.</text>
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                <text>General William Rosecrans' Headquarters (Alston-Rosser House, "Little Brick")</text>
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            <name>Subject</name>
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                <text>Stevenson, Jackson County, Civil War, William Rosecrans, James A. Garfield, Ulysses S. Grant, National Register of Historic Places</text>
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                <text>Blake Wilhelm</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37590">
                <text>Secrist, Phil.  "The General's Headquarters (Rosecrans' Headquarters)."  &lt;em&gt;National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination Form&lt;/em&gt;.  Jackson County Historical Society, Marietta, Georgia, February 1, 1978.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://npgallery.nps.gov/nrhp/GetAsset?assetID=ae9c19b8-578e-4c8e-90e4-c5e464f41768" target="_blank"&gt;http://npgallery.nps.gov/nrhp/GetAsset?assetID=ae9c19b8-578e-4c8e-90e4-c5e464f41768&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;"Union Army Headquarters" Historical Marker.  Alabama Historical Association.  Myrtle Place, Stevenson, Alabama.</text>
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            <name>Publisher</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37591">
                <text>Northeast Alabama Community College Archives and Special Collections</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>built c. 1855, occupied by Rosecrans August 18 - September 4, 1863</text>
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                <text>The structure known locally as "Little Brick" was built about 1855 during the railroad construction boom in Stevenson, Alabama.  The property was purchased prior to the Civil War by Michigan native Walter Rosser who was in Stevenson working as a railroad engineer.  The nature of design indicates that Rosser may have built the structure himself.  It is believed that a man named Thomas Osbourne lived in the home until it was commandeered by General William Rosecrans to be used as a headquarters during the Civil War.  Little Brick's location on a side street, away from the bustling depot and downtown area fit with the general's needs.  It was here that Rosecrans worked diligently on plans for the Chattanooga campaign from his arrival on August 8, 1863 until his September 4, 1863 departure.  At Little Brick, Rosecrans met with two men who would become President of the United States, his Chief of Staff James A. Garfield and General Ulysses S. Grant.  General William T. Sherman was in the area at the time and it is possible he came to Little Brick, as well.  After the war Rosser returned to Stevenson and reclaimed his property, and it remained in the Rosser family for over a century.  The structure has fallen into ruins and the property is now owned by the city of Stevenson.  </text>
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                <text>photo by Jimmy Emerson</text>
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                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey&#13;
Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
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                  <text>Auburn University&#13;
University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>Sauta Village and Sequoyah's Cherokee Syllabary</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Sauta, Jackson County, Native Americans, language, Sequoyah, George Guess, George Gist</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37584">
                <text>Blake Wilhelm</text>
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                <text>Northeast Alabama Community College Archives and Special Collections</text>
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                <text>Sauta was a small Cherokee village established about 1784 on the north side of the Tennessee River near its confluence with North Sauty Creek. The August 13, 1828, issue of the Cherokee Phoenix newspaper includes a letter from an acquaintance of Sequoyah relating the story of Sequoyah's creation of the Cherokee syllabary. According to the story, several young men at Sauta were discussing their awe of white men's ability to pass language across vast distances via written words on paper. Sequoyah is said to have told the men that he could easily create a written language and his response was met with ridicule. Inspired by this event, Sequoyah completed the Cherokee syllabary.  A similar story is recounted by Samuel Lorenzo Knapp from his 1828 interview of Sequoyah in Washington D.C.  Many myths surround the life of Sequoyah and the creation of the Cherokee syllabary, but the timing and nature of these sources lend credence to this story.</text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37627">
                <text>Abram, Susan M. "Sequoyah." Encyclopedia of Alabama. May 21, 2009; http://www.encyclopediaofalabama.org/article/h-2159 [accessed August 11, 2016]  &#13;
&#13;
Chambless, Ann B.  "Early Cherokee Village of Sauta."  Jackson County Chronicles 20, no. 1 (January 2008): 6.&#13;
&#13;
Chambless, Ann B.  "Sequoyah."  Jackson County Chronicles 25, no. 4 (October 2013): 3-6. &#13;
&#13;
G.C. "Invention of the Cherokee Alphabet."  Cherokee Phoenix 1, no. 24 (August 13, 1828): 2, col. 1a-2a. &#13;
&#13;
Foreman, Grant.  Sequoyah.  Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 2012.  &#13;
&#13;
Street, O.D. "Cherokee Towns and Villages." Publications of the Alabama Historical Society, Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 1.  Montgomery, AL, 1901. &#13;
</text>
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                <text>established c. 1784</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37877">
                <text>Print by McKenney and Hall from Birmingham Public Library Tutwiler Collection of Southern History and Literature</text>
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              <name>Title</name>
              <description>A name given to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="17077">
                  <text>Alabama Places and Spaces</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="49">
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              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey</text>
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            <element elementId="39">
              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="38157">
                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey&#13;
Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="37">
              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="40029">
                  <text>Auburn University&#13;
University of North Alabama</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
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    <elementSetContainer>
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          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37386">
                <text>Morris Nathan </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="49">
            <name>Subject</name>
            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37387">
                <text>Morris Nathan; Founder of Sheffield, Alabama; Colbert County; Jewish Settlers </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37388">
                <text>Alfred Huger Moses and Morris Nathan were the first two alderman of Sheffield, Alabama. Nathan was buried in the Jewish section of Oakwood Cemetery in Sheffield, Alabama before the Jewish community incorporated or built a temple. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37389">
                <text>Pam Kingsbury, University of North Alabama </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="48">
            <name>Source</name>
            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37390">
                <text>Sheffield Historic Society </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37391">
                <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37392">
                <text>1827 - 1892</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37393">
                <text>Pam Kingsbury, University of North Alabama </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="51">
            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37394">
                <text>Photograph and text. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey</text>
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              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="38156">
                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey</text>
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              <name>Creator</name>
              <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="38157">
                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey&#13;
Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
              <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="40029">
                  <text>Auburn University&#13;
University of North Alabama</text>
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            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37295">
                <text>Montgomery Avenue, Sheffield, Alabama </text>
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          <element elementId="39">
            <name>Creator</name>
            <description>An entity primarily responsible for making the resource</description>
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                <text>Pam Kingsbury, University of North Alabama </text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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            <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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                <text>Sheffield; Colbert County; Jewish Owned Businesses </text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                <text>Alfred Huger Moses was responsible for the layout of the residential, business, and industrial areas of Sheffield, Alabama, which was incorporated in 1895. He named Montgomery Avenue after Montgomery, Alabama where he and his family had lived (and where he and his wife are buried) before moving to Sheffield. The family home, which burned n the late 1880s, was located on North Montgomery Avenue near where the bluff overlooks the Tennessee River. </text>
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37299">
                <text>Special Collections, 55.3, from Said Schrader Collection. Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama.</text>
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          </element>
          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37300">
                <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>circa 1894/5/</text>
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            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37302">
                <text>Pam Kingsbury, University of North Alabama </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="47">
            <name>Rights</name>
            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37303">
                <text>Photograph courtesy of Special Collections, UNA. </text>
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            <name>Type</name>
            <description>The nature or genre of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37304">
                <text>Text and photograph. </text>
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                  <text>Alabama Places and Spaces</text>
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              <description>The topic of the resource</description>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey</text>
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              <name>Creator</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="38157">
                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey&#13;
Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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              <elementTextContainer>
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                  <text>Auburn University&#13;
University of North Alabama</text>
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Keith S. Hebert</text>
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Stanley Rosenbaum and his father gave the funds to establish the library and Stanley Rosenbaum served in various positions as a volunteer for over thirty years. </text>
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                <text>Jacob Spielberger, who was born in Hungary in January of 1856, came to Alabama around 1888. He opened a dry goods store and clothing store, Spielberger and Sons, at 217 and 219 Mongomery Avenue in Sheffield. His  three sons, Jacob, Harry, and Ben worked with him as young men. &#13;
&#13;
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                <text>Coleman, Erwin M., A History of Temple B'nai Israel, Florence, Alabama; Centennial Celebration, 1906 - 2006.&#13;
&#13;
A History Of Sheffield, Sheffield Public Library, privately printed. </text>
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Keith S. Hebert</text>
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                <text>Pam Kingsbury</text>
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                <text>Samuel J. Israel; Sheffield, Alabama; Jewish Community; Philanthropy </text>
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                <text>Samuel J. Israel, who moved to Sheffield, Alabama in 1909 from Lithuania, wrote his memoirs at his daughter's (Beatrice Muhlendorf) request. The manuscript -- which is over thirty pages long -- is titled "From Northern Lithuania to Northern Alabama." </text>
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                <text>Florence-Lauderdale Public Library, local history room, file 3-2. </text>
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                <text>Florence-Lauderdale Public Library, local history room, file 3-2. </text>
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              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>Sheffield Public Library -- Alfred Huger Moses Room </text>
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                <text>The Alfred Huger Moses Room, which is located in the annex of the Sheffield Public Library (on Montgomery Avenue ), was made possible, in part, by funding from the descendants of Alfred Huger Moses (founder and first mayor of Sheffield). &#13;
&#13;
The room was dedicated 104 years after the founding of Sheffield. &#13;
&#13;
Adeline Moses, one of Alfred's daughters, married Carl Loeb, founder of Loeb Rhodes in New York City. Her children and grandchildren were in attendance at the dedication of the room. </text>
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                <text>Sheffield Historic Society. </text>
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            <description>An entity responsible for making the resource available</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37382">
                <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey. </text>
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                <text>circa 1989 to the present. </text>
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            <description>Information about rights held in and over the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37384">
                <text>Sheffield Historical Society. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37402">
                <text>Illustration and text. </text>
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              <name>Creator</name>
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                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey&#13;
Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>Mayor Alfred Huger Moses </text>
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                <text>Pam Kingsbury, University of North Alabama </text>
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                <text>Alfred Huger Moses; Sheffield, Alabama; Colbert County; Jewish settlement </text>
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                <text>Alfred Huger Moses was responsible for the establishment of Sheffield, Alabama. Born in Charleston, South Carolina, he moved to Alabama after serving in the Confederate Army where he achieved the rank of Captain.&#13;
&#13;
HIs wife, Katherine, five children, and brother moved to the area with him. &#13;
&#13;
He hoped to create an industrial mecca much as Sheffield, England had.&#13;
&#13;
He was briefly part of a land and iron boom in the area but was left almost penniless during the 1890s when pig iron prices were falling and banks were failing.&#13;
&#13;
He was the first mayor of Sheffield, Alabama. </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37430">
                <text>A History of Sheffield, privately printed by the Sheffield Public Library. </text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37431">
                <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey </text>
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                <text>1884-1889 </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37433">
                <text>Sheffield Public Library Archives </text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37434">
                <text>Text and photograph. </text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>Florence-Lauderdale Public Library -- Local History Room </text>
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                <text>Libraries; local history; Jewish History </text>
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                <text>The Florence-Lauderdale Public Library's local history room has several large files devoted to the study of local places, organizations, and individuals. The Jewish History Collection offers a good cross-section of Jewish owned businesses, the history of the Temple, copies of society pages, copies of unpublished manuscripts, and copies of prominent Jewish families who settled in the area. Many of the papers were donated by Doryce Levi and Dallas and Mary Lancaster. An original history of the Jewish settlers, written by Lee Freeman, can also be found in the files. </text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37343">
                <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey </text>
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            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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                <text>2004 - to the present </text>
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            <name>Type</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37345">
                <text>Test and photograph. </text>
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He married Bessie Kreisman (whose parents were prominent businesspeople in Florence). Their daughter, Beatrice, married Jack Muhlendorf. He first marriage to Bessie lasted from 1912 until her death in 1912. His second marriage was to Hilda Shipper. &#13;
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He died in 1990 at the age of ninety-three. &#13;
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&#13;
Falk's brother, Alexander, is the only Jewish individual buried in the Florence, Alabama Cemetery. </text>
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                <text>The Special Collections and Archives at Collier Library at the University of North Alabama include many locally published manuscripts about the establishment of the cities of Florence, Tuscumbia, Sheffield, and Muscle Shoals.&#13;
&#13;
The Rosenbaum Family papers are housed in the archives and offer insights into the ways in which local Jewish business leaders guided the area toward calmer race relations. &#13;
&#13;
The archives also house the William Lindsey McDonald Collection of papers which offer additional context for local history.&#13;
&#13;
The Sadie Schrader collection of photographs is housed at the archives.  She was a member of Temple B'Nai Israel.</text>
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                <text>Photograph courtesy of Shannon Wells. </text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>Newspapers; Captain Arthur H. Keller; Jewish settlement </text>
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                <text>The North Alabamian and Times, now the Standard and Times and the Colbert County Reporter, was published by Captain Arthur H. Keller (who may now be better known as Helen Keller's father). Local Jewish merchants routinely advertised with Captain Keller and he published&#13;
wedding announcements, social events, and promoted lecturers and speakers on the Talmud and Jewish history who were sponsored by the Jewish Community. Several memoirs by members of the Jewish Congregation mention meeting Helen Keller and several descendants of the founding Jewish families have had children included in the local production of "The Miracle Worker" at Ivy Green. </text>
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                <text>Coleman, Erwin M., A History of Temple B'Nai Israel, Florence, Alabama: Centennial Celebration, 1906 - 2006. </text>
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                <text>Pam Kingsbury, University of North Alabama </text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>Dr. Robert T. Coles Plantation</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Jackson County, slavery, slave narratives, Thomas Cole, Robert Coles</text>
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                <text>In a W.P.A. narrative, Thomas Cole recounted his time as a slave on the plantation of Dr. Robert Coles in western Jackson County.  Thomas Cole was born in 1845 and ran away to join the Union army in 1861.  After seeing combat at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain, Chickamauga, and Orchard Knob he returned to Chattanooga where he worked as a switchman until his health failed.  He then moved to Corsicana, Texas to live with his daughter.</text>
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                <text>Blake Wilhelm</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37219">
                <text>Cole, Thomas. “Ex-Slave Stories (Texas),” Born in Slavery: Slave Narratives from the Federal Writers’ Project, 1936-38. Texas Narratives Vol. 16, part 1, 225-235. &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Coles, R.T. and Jeffrey D. Stocker (ed.) &lt;em&gt;From Huntsville to Appomattox: R.T. Coles's History of 4th Regiment, Alabama Volunteer Infantry, C.S.A., Army of Northern Virginia&lt;/em&gt;. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press, 1996.</text>
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          <element elementId="45">
            <name>Publisher</name>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37220">
                <text>Northeast Alabama Community College Archives and Special Collections</text>
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          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37450">
                <text>1845-1861</text>
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            <element elementId="41">
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                <elementText elementTextId="38157">
                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey&#13;
Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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                <elementText elementTextId="40029">
                  <text>Auburn University&#13;
University of North Alabama</text>
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              </elementTextContainer>
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                <text>Long Island Town</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37211">
                <text>Jackson County, Native Americans</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37212">
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              </elementText>
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37213">
                <text>Northeast Alabama Archives and Special Collections</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
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          <element elementId="40">
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              <elementText elementTextId="37214">
                <text>established 1783</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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              <elementText elementTextId="37629">
                <text>On long island near Bridgeport.  One of the Five Lower Creek towns.  </text>
              </elementText>
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          <element elementId="48">
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            <description>A related resource from which the described resource is derived</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37630">
                <text>Street, O.D. "Cherokee Towns and Villages." Publications of the Alabama Historical Society, Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 1. </text>
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            <element elementId="49">
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            <element elementId="41">
              <name>Description</name>
              <description>An account of the resource</description>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>Jackson County, Scottsboro, Alabama Historical Commission Markers</text>
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                <text>Planter, tavern operator, newspaper editor, legislator, and land developer, he sought in vain to have the Jackson County Seat moved from Bellefonte to the settlement that bore his name. After his death in 1863, his widow reached an agreement in 1868 with the county government whereby the site for the courthouse and jail was deeded to Jackson County on condition that Scottsboro become the county seat. &#13;
Incorporated by the state legislature on January 20, 1870, the town became an important commercial center and shipping point on the Memphis and Charleston Railroad.&#13;
&#13;
(From the historical marker erected by the Alabama Historical Commission)</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37202">
                <text>http://www.alabamahistory.net/jackson-historical-markers.html</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37203">
                <text>Northeast Alabama Community College</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37204">
                <text>1817-1863</text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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                  <text>Auburn University&#13;
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                <text>In 1946, Robert E. Jones, Jr. was elected to serve in the U.S. House of Representatives to fill Alabama's 5th Congressional District seat vacated by John J. Sparkman's election to the U.S. Senate. Elected to 15 consecutive terms, 1946-1976, Congressman Jones became Alabama's longest-serving Representative.  The Robert E. Jones Bridge that spans the Tennessee River east of Scottsboro was dedicated in his honor in September 1985. Congressman Jones is remembered for his ardent support of legislation leading to the expansion of the Tennessee Valley Authority, construction of the nation's interstate highway system, development of the U.S. Space program, protection of the environment, and construction of major public works that included the Kennedy Center of the Performing Arts, the Smithsonian Museum of History and Technology, the National Portrait Gallery, and the Madison Annex to the Library of Congress. He retired to Scottsboro in 1977 where he lived until his death in 1997.&#13;
&#13;
The Jones House was constructed in 1907 in the second subdivision recorded in the Scottsboro City Plat in 1889. The steep Pyramidal-roof, thin wooden columns, large interior chimney, and veranda that surrounds three sides exhibit overtones of the French Colonial Style. The house was purchased in 1909 by Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Jones, Sr. who maintained the residence until the death of Mrs. Jones in 1966. Their children were Rudolph, Cecil, and Ruth Jones, Sydie Jones Snodgrass, and Robert E. (Bob) Jones, Jr., who was born in this house on June 12, 1912.  A graduate of Jackson County High School and the University of Alabama School of Law, Robert E. Jones, Jr. was admitted to the bar on January 20, 1937. After practicing law in Scottsboro, he was elected judge of Jackson County in 1940.  He served in the U. S. Navy from December 1943 to February 1946, in both the Atlantic and Pacific theaters, and as a member of the legal staff of General Douglas MacArthur.&#13;
&#13;
(From the historical marker erected by the Alabama Historical Commission)</text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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                <text>Created by an Act of the Legislature on December 7, 1821, Decatur County was comprised of portions of Madison and Jackson Counties. "Old Woodville," two miles north along County Highway 7, was designated as the County Seat. An 1823-'24 completed survey revealed that it did not contain the constitutionally required number of square miles. The county was abolished by an Act of the Legislature on December 28, 1825, and the territory was returned to Madison and Jackson Counties.</text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>Crow Town</text>
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                <text>One of the Five Lower Towns established by the Chickamauga Cherokees in 1782 under the leadership of Dragging Canoe. Territorial Governor William Blount reported to the Secretary of War in 1792 that: "Crow Town lies on the north side of the Tennessee [River], half a mile from the river, up Crow Creek, 30 miles below the Suck. [It] is the lowest town in the Cherokee Nation and contained 30 huts in 1790. The Creeks and Northward tribes cross [the river] here."&#13;
&#13;
All of the Five Lower Towns were on the extreme Cherokee frontier. Running Water was near Chattanooga and Nickajack was near Haletown, Tennessee. Long Island Town was twenty miles below the Suck, east of Bridgeport, Alabama. Lookout Mountain Town was near Trenton, Georgia.&#13;
&#13;
Crow Town encompassed an area of several miles by the early 1800s as increasing numbers of Cherokee families settled here. With the creation of Jackson County in 1819, many of the Cherokees moved to the south side of the river - some 19th-century maps placed Crow Town near the southeast end of Snodgrass Bridge which takes Highway 117 across the Tennessee River east of Stevenson. The 1782 site of Crow Town, one-half mile from the confluence of Crow Creek and the original channel of the Tennessee River, was flooded with the closing of the spillway gates at Guntersville Dam in 1939.&#13;
&#13;
(From the Historical Marker erected by the Alabama Historical Commission, sponsored by the Jackson County Historical Association)</text>
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                <text>http://www.alabamahistory.net/jackson-historical-markers.html&#13;
&#13;
Street, O.D. "Cherokee Towns and Villages." Publications of the Alabama Historical Society, Miscellaneous Collections, Vol. 1. </text>
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                <text>established 1782</text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>Vital Memphis-Charleston railroad, "backbone of Confederacy," spanned Tennessee River here. Bridge burned several times, 1862-63. General Mitchell (U.S. Flag), occupying Huntsville after Battle of Shiloh, seized Bridgeport in April 1862 and held it until August. Federals recaptured town in July 1863 as Rosecrans (U.S. Flag) took Chattanooga (upriver). As end of usable railway from Nashville, town became key base of operations in U.S. victory at Chickamauga and lifting siege of Chattanooga.&#13;
&#13;
(From the historical marker erected by the Alabama Historical Commission)</text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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                <text>During the Reconstruction Period following the Civil War, a freedmen’s community was established in this area called Averyville, named for the Pennsylvania minister and successful businessman Charles Avery, a longtime and faithful champion of Negro education.  Wilmer Walton, a Quaker missionary, moved to Stevenson and Averyville as early as 1865, opening a school financed by the Quaker “Friends’ Association for Aid and Elevation of the Freedmen”. Soon, some seventy-five students, both adults and children, were enrolled in Walton’s school. Another teacher and Quaker missionary, Henrietta Starkweather, succeeded Wilmer Walton at Averyville. This noble and pioneering effort to educate freedmen was short-lived; Ku Klux Klan violence, threats, and intimidation drove the teachers away by the early 1870s, and the school closed.&#13;
&#13;
Averyville School’s most notable student was William Hooper Councill (1848-1909), a former slave brought to Alabama in 1857. He attended Averyville School as a freedman, becoming a teacher himself by the end of his third year here. He moved to Huntsville in 1869 and opened the Lincoln Normal School to train black teachers. In 1873, Dr. Councill founded Alabama Agricultural and Mechanical University, using funds appropriated by the Alabama Legislature to train black teachers. Dr. Councill rose to state and national prominence, becoming an influential leader alongside Booker T. Washington and others.  His only formal education was here at the Freedman’s School at Averyville. Here the seeds of learning were planted which grew into Alabama A&amp;M University, educating thousands of students to this day. &#13;
&#13;
(From the Alabama Historical Commission historical marker, currently in storage)</text>
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                <text>http://www.alabamahistory.net/jackson-historical-markers.html&#13;
&#13;
http://digital.archives.alabama.gov/cdm/ref/collection/voices/id/2207</text>
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                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey&#13;
Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>House; Guntersville, Alabama, Marshall County; 1957 single dwelling-non farm. </text>
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                <text>The house with the address of 322 Hill Avenue Guntersville Alabama in Marshall County was built in 1957 and is a 1 story single dwelling-non-farm residence that is in very good condition. The house is a brick veneer ranch style dwelling with a side gable composition shingle roof; faces east with a 3x2 bay rectangular core with a projecting gable bay at the rear of the bay of the south elevation; entrance bay gable porch with decorative metal supports; slightly recessed central entrance at the façade flanked by double horizontal 2/2 windows, similar single and double windows at the side elevations; exposed brick veneer exterior walls; continuous brick foundations. The house not eligible for either the Alabama or National Register. </text>
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                <text>Joseph Marinello, University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>Alabama Historical Commission; Historical Building Form, Survey#49</text>
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                <text>3/18/2012</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="17077">
                  <text>Alabama Places and Spaces</text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="38157">
                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey&#13;
Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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                  <text>Auburn University&#13;
University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>318 Hill Avenue (House) AHC Survey#48 </text>
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                <text>House, Guntersville, Alabama Marshall County; 1947 single dwelling-non-farm.</text>
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                <text>The house with the address of 318 Hill Avenue Guntersville Alabama of Marshall County was built in 1947; it is a one story brick veneer single dwelling-non-farm residence with a cross gable composition shingle roof. The building faces east, has a 5x2 rectangular core with side gable front and rear projections at its outer bays. It has a less than full façade shed porch with wood posts; off centered entrance at the façade flanked by single 6/8 and 8/8 replacement windows. The house also has similar single and double windows at the side elevations with a painted brick veneer exterior walls, continuous brick foundations, and has a noncontributing frame garage to the rear. The house appears to be eligible for both Alabama and National Register marked as would contribute to a district. The house was last refurbished in 2000 and is in very good condition. </text>
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                <text>Joseph Marinello, University of North Alabama</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
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              <elementText elementTextId="37062">
                <text>Alabama Historical Commission, Historic Building form #48</text>
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                <text>3/18/2012</text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>320 Blount Avenue (House); AHC Survey #10</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37031">
                <text>One story frame Craftsman style dwelling with a hipped composition shingle roof with exposed rafter ends and a small side gable ridge monitor, 2 interior brick chimneys, modern gable dormer at its front slope (ca. 1990) with historic dormers at the side slopes; faces east, irregular shaped plan, 7-bay wide facade; recessed porches at the 4 southern bays and the 2 northern bay of the facade with wood posts; entrances at the 2nd and 6th bays of the facade (from the S), single, triple, single, double, and single Craftsman geometric windows in the remaining bays, similar windows at the side elevations; wood novelty siding; continuous brick foundation.&#13;
&#13;
Historical Data:&#13;
Construction and design details suggest that this house was built circa 1915. It is shown on a 1930 Sanborn map as a single dwelling and on its 1948 update as a duplex.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
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                <text>Thomas Hale, The University of North Alabama</text>
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            <name>Date</name>
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                <text>3/18/2012</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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                <text>House; Guntersville, Alabama; 1915; Different version previously on location/address (Duplex)</text>
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          <element elementId="48">
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              <elementText elementTextId="37035">
                <text>Alabama Historical Commission; Historic Building Form, Survey #10</text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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                  <text>Auburn University&#13;
University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>346 Blount Avenue (Apartment Building); AHC Survey #09</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37025">
                <text>Two story brick veneer Colonial Revival style apartment building with a hipped patterned asbestos shingle roof; faces east, H shaped plan, 1-story attached rear garage extension with a hipped roof; 2 recessed bays at center of facade with an entrance at the north end of the 1st floor level flanked to the south by a small 6/6 window, suspended porch/balcony at 2nd level with wood posts, entrance at N end of the 2nd floor recessed area flanked to the south by a small octagonal window; single 8/8 windows at the 1st floor of the outer bays flanking the recessed bays with single 6/6 windows at the 2nd level; similar windows at the side and rear elevations; exposed brick veneer exterior walls; continuous brick foundation.&#13;
&#13;
Historical Data:&#13;
Construction and design details suggest that this building was built circa 1950. A different dwelling/apartment building is shown at this location on a 1930 Sanborn map and its 1948 update.</text>
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            <name>Creator</name>
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                <text>Thomas Hale, The University of North Alabama</text>
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            <name>Source</name>
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                <text>Alabama Historical Commission; Historic Building Form, Survey #09</text>
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          <element elementId="49">
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              <elementText elementTextId="37029">
                <text>Apartment Building; Guntersville, Alabama; 1950; Different version previously on location/address</text>
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      <tag tagId="828">
        <name>apartment building</name>
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        <name>blount avenue</name>
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  <item itemId="1810" public="1" featured="0">
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              <name>Creator</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="38157">
                  <text>Alabama Cultural Resource Survey&#13;
Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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              <name>Contributor</name>
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                <elementText elementTextId="40029">
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University of North Alabama</text>
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          <element elementId="50">
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              <elementText elementTextId="37018">
                <text>2326 Taylor Street-REAR (Commercial Building); AHC Survey #08</text>
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          <element elementId="41">
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              <elementText elementTextId="37019">
                <text>One story brick veneer former garage with a replacement industrial metal mansard roof and modern applied plywood siding at its facade, faces east.&#13;
&#13;
Historical Data:&#13;
Construction and design details suggest that this building was built circa 1925 and that it was remodeled circa 2000. This building is shown as a garage on a 1930 Sanborn map and its 1948 update.</text>
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          <element elementId="39">
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            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="37021">
                <text>Alabama Historical Commission; Historic Building Form, Survey #08</text>
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              <elementText elementTextId="37022">
                <text>Commercial Building; Guntersville, Alabama; 1925; Remodel circa 2000</text>
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Keith S. Hebert</text>
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Historical Data:&#13;
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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                <text>One story masonry one-part commercial block form building with a modern side gable industrial metal roof addition (ca. 2000); faces south, abuts an adjacent building to the west and an open yard to the east; entrance at the west bay of the facade flanked to the east by a double 4/4 replacement window; modern aluminum-framed storefront system; painted brick veneer at the facade with applied vinyl siding at the east elevation (ca. 2000); continuous brick foundation.&#13;
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Historical Data:&#13;
Construction and design details suggest that this building was built circa 1920 and that it was remodeled circa 2000. A building of this size is shown on a 1930 Sanborn map and its 1948 update as a store.</text>
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Auburn University&#13;
Keith S. Hebert</text>
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University of North Alabama</text>
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The history of the nitrate plant's construction was twofold: first, the plant was constructed to produce large amounts of fertilizer, and second, the plant was to produce the ammonium nitrate necessary for explosives at the end of World War I.  However, World War I ended before the plant could produce for that purpose.  Another reason why the plant was constructed dealt with independence from the nation of Chile and their grip on nitrate production globally. </text>
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&#13;
History of Muscle Shoals with Views of Wilson Dam by W.R. McKerall&#13;
&#13;
The Muscle Shoals Project by State Normal School (The University of North Alabama)&#13;
&#13;
Souvenir of Inspection Trip by Officials and Citizens of The Tri Cities Wednesday March 12, 1919 by United States Nitrate Plant No. 2&#13;
&#13;
Photo:&#13;
&#13;
UNA Archives and Special Collections</text>
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&#13;
May be protected by the U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.). Distribution or reproduction beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Responsibility for obtaining permissions, and for any use rests exclusively with the user. </text>
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                <text>United States Nitrate Plant Number One</text>
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&#13;
Still Image</text>
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