Located in Auburn on Westview Drive. Coordinates: 32.620134, -85.4952274
Pine Hill Cemetery has over 1,100 graves and contains a mass grave of at least ninety-eight unidentifiable Confederate soldiers who died in the makeshift hospitals in Auburn. In 1893, the Ladies Memorial Association erected a monument over the spot believed to be the site of the mass Confederate grave. An additional seventy-one Union and Confederate soldiers are buried in marked graves through the cemetery. The cemetery is located in Auburn at Armstrong Street and Hare Street. Coordinates: 32.6006903, -85.4777268
Auburn Heritage Association: Historic Markers
Architectural drawings; Watercolors; Houses; Dwellings; Doors & doorways; Windows; Balconies; Hand railings; Porches; Columns; Roofs; Moldings; Women; Trees; Landscapes (Representations)
This image is a watercolor painting of the McElhaney House in Auburn, Alabama done by C.L. Hendrick in 1933. The house was built in 1844. The painting shows the front exterior of the house with its doors, windows, balcony, railings, columned porch, steps, and sloping roof surrounded by trees and landscaping. There is a woman in period dress standing by the door. The house is placed within framing art showing its architectural features including scales and a close-up of the columns and the molding under the roof. In the lower right corner, there is an Alabama Polytechnic Institute School of Architecture stamp with the handwritten inscription "1st Hon. Mention"? and the artist's information block which reads: "C.L. Hendrick, API, Arch Dis-476." The painting is in fair condition and is encapsulated.
Hendrick, C. L. (rendering) ; Unknown (house)
Auburn University Libraries. Special Collections and Archives Dept. Architecture, School of -- Architectural Renderings Student Projects
This image is the property of the Auburn University Libraries and is intended for non-commercial use. Users of the image are asked to acknowledge the Auburn University Libraries. For information about obtaining high-resolution copies of this and other images in this collection, please contact the Auburn University Libraries Special Collections & Archives Department at archive@auburn.edu or (334) 844-1732.
Library of Congress (Historic American Buildings Survey): http://www.loc.gov/item/al0280/
Auburn -- Lee County -- Alabama ; 135 North College Street, Auburn, Lee County, AL
Segelschulschiff der Bundesmarine, Sailing Schoolship of the German Navy
The Gorch Fock is a tall ship of the German Navy (Deutsche Marine). She is the second ship of that name and a sister ship of the Gorch Fock built in 1933. Both ships are named in honour of the German writer Johann Kinau who wrote under the pseudonym "Gorch Fock" and died in the battle of Jutland/Skagerrak in 1916. The modern-day Gorch Fock was built in 1958 and has since then undertaken 146 cruises (as of October 2006), including one tour around the world in 1988. She is sometimes referred to (unofficially) as the Gorch Fock II to distinguish her from her older sister ship.See this information and more details at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorch_Fock_(1958)
Germany – Schleswig-Holstein- Baltic Sea.
Architectural drawings; Watercolors; Houses; Dwellings; Brickwork; Doors & doorways; Windows; Shutters; Porches; Columns; Balconies; Hand railings; Woodwork; Roofs; Chimneys; Moldings; Women; Trees; Landscapes (Representations)
This image is a watercolor painting of the Cargill House in Columbus, Georgia done by Grady Hicks in 1932. The house was built sometime in the 19th century. The painting shows the front exterior of the house with its doors, windows, shutters, two story columned porch, steps, balcony, wooden hand railing, brick walls, sloped roof, and two chimneys surrounded by trees and landscaping. There is a woman in period dress in front of the house. The house is placed within framing art showing its architectural features including the molding under the roof and around the doors, the columns, the wooden railing from the balcony, various scales, and floor plans of the porch. The painting is signed: "Drawn by Grady Hicks, Ala. Poly. Inst." The painting is in good condition, some minor discoloration in the lower left corner, and is encapsulated.
Hicks, Grady Lee (rendering) ; Hoxey, Thomas (house)
Library of Congress (Historic American Buildings Survey): http://www.loc.gov/item/ga0268/ ; Digital Library of Georgia: http://dlg.galileo.usg.edu/meta/html/dlg/larc/meta_dlg_larc_jlc0682.html
Columbus -- Muscogee County -- Georgia ; 1316 Third Avenue, Columbus, Muscogee County, GA
2005.36.98: I.G. Blevins to Pierce M.B. Young, 1857 June 29
1857; Marietta GA; West Point, NY; Milledgeville GA; Point Twiggs; Mutual Friends; Cadets Hallowes- Conyers- Persons - Jones- Holcomb-Remdle and Hogan; Moina; Anna; Coleman; Misses Nesbitt; Mrs. P; Miss Lon North; Ms. Julia Smith; The Joneses; Clark S.; Gossip; Festivities; Flirtatious Young Women; Volunteer Gathering at Milledgeville GA; United States Military Academy
Blevins chided Pierce for being away and missing out on a part, a picnic, other festivities, and for missing out on being around the young ladies. 4 handwritten pages.
P.M.B. Young Collection, Bartow History Museum
2005.36.322: J. Jones to Dr. Jones, 1860 September 6
1860; Transcription; J Jones; Dr. Jones; Cartersville; Rome; Wedding; Wedding Invitation; Religion
This hastily written two-page note expresses the author's enthusiasm and excitement for the forthcoming marriage of Dr. Jones to Lou, commenting that she is "one of the noblest of her sex." He also thanks Dr. Jones for the invitation and invites him to meet the following day.
1857; J.W. Jones; Brother; South Carolina; Pa; Ma; Sister Emma; Sam; John Wesly; Advice; Business; Alcohol; Christmas
J.W. Jones writes to his brother asking when he plans to visit again and how much he enjoys talking business with the his brother. Jones writes of the family and how an acquaintance is unsatisfied with an alcoholic boss. 6 handwritten pages.
Lauderdale County; Florence AL; Education; Recreation; University of North Alabama
Flowers Hall first opened in 1972 and still continues to be used today. It is the home court for the volleyball team and the men’s and women’s basketball teams. It was named after Hubert A. “Eddie” Flowers, who was a long time head of the physical education and athletic programs. He was also the basketball program’s first coach. Flowers Hall was a great addition to the university because it gave them a great athletic facility costing approximately three million dollars. It has a seating capacity of 4,000 with both floor and upper level seating. The Flowers Hall Annex renovation added 17,800 square feet and cost one and a half million dollars. Flowers hall is a four level structure with the gym being on the third floor. It includes more than just a site for athletic events. It contains offices, class rooms, locker rooms, and special facilities for athletic training. It is also used for educational and recreational purposes. Flowers Hall is located on 615 North Pine Street in Florence, Alabama.
Jackson Newton, University of North Alabama
Greer, Tyler. “Gymnasium not just used for basketball”, University of North Alabama Archives. (Newspaper Clipping) Florence State University Yearbook 1972, University of North Alabama Archives. Thomas, Ronald. “Flowers fought long and hard for athletics”, University of North Alabama Archives. (Newspaper Clipping) University of North Alabama Basketball Guide 1974-75, University of North Alabama Archives . Images: University of North Alabama Archives and Special Collections
Auburn International Students Gather for the 2024 ISO Peace Dinner
Historic Theathers; Silent Movies; Silent Theaters; Tuscumbia; Colbert County; Alabama; Historic Businesses; Main Street; Tuscumbia Historic District
The Bijou Theater was the first silent theater in Colbert County. It was a short-lived Mexican restaurant named Loco Lupe's in the early 2000's. The building is currently vacant.
Colbert County Tourism, December 4, 2015. Kevin, Carter, "Give your Taste Buds a Treat at Loco Lupe's," Times Daily, June 19, 2004.
Helen Keller; Ivy Green; Tuscumbia; Colbert Count; Alabama; Historic Towns; Museums; Anne Sullivan
The Helen Keller Birthplace, known as Ivy Green is the original home and grounds of Helen Keller's family. The home was built in 1820. It is a modest, white clapboard, Southern style home of Virginia cottage construction. There are four large rooms on the first floor with three small rooms upstairs separated by a hall. The grounds include the cottage where Anne Sullivan lived with Helen, a kitchen, a nineteenth century log cabin, and the original water pump where Helen had her first breakthrough and signed the word water at age six. Helen Keller was born a normal child, but at the age of 19 months she became sick and was left blind and deaf. At the age of 6, Helen was taken to Dr. Alexander Graham Bell. Through Bell, Helen met Anne Sullivan, who had taught at the Perkins School for the Blind. After the breakthrough at the water pump, Helen learned rapidly. By the age of 10, Helen had mastered Braille, the manual alphabet, and had learned how to use a typewriter. By the age of 16 Helen could speak well enough to get herself into college. In 1904 she graduated from Radcliffe College with honors. In 1954, the house and grounds were turned into a museum and was placed on the National Register of Historical Places. Ivy Green is located at 300 North Commons Street in a quiet residential area just a few blocks from downtown Tuscumbia. Its hours of operation are Monday through Saturday, 8:300 a.m. - 4:00 p.m.
Jacob Grandstaff, University of North Alabama Abigayle Peterson, University of North Alabama
Historic Businesses; Historic Shops; Tuscumbia; Colbert County; Alabama
The building originally known as G & J Sutherland's Store is the only remaining building of Mechanic's Row in Tuscumbia and is the oldest known commercial building in the State of Alabama. Thomas Keenan, David Deshler, J.M. Moore, Dr. Wharton, James Conner, and Gurnee & James Trimble were early store operators in Mechanics Row.
Jacob Grandstaff, University of North Alabama
The Heritage of Colbert County. Clanton, AL: Heritage Publishing Consultants, Inc., 1999, 6, 7.
Historic Businesses; Sheffield, Colbert County; Alabama; Old Opera Houses; Historic Buildings
In 1835, William Young and his brother Isaac Smoot, a contractor, bought a lot on what is today the corner of Fourth and Main Streets in Tuscumbia for the purpose of opening a carriage factory. They constructed a large red brick building with a porch supported by large columns on the west side. The roomy second floor was used as a show room for Mr. Young's carriages. This business was known as 'Young's Coach Shop” and sometimes the “Old Carriage House" until the 1880s when it was purchased by A. J. Lloyd who had moved to Tuscumbia from Kentucky. Mr. Lloyd used the first floor to house the local post office and the second floor he used for an opera house. From then on, the building was referred to as “The Old Opera House.” In addition to locals who performed plays and minstrel shows, the theater was also used by traveling theater companies and vaudeville troops. General Tom Thumb, the circus midget, was possibly the most famous to visit The Old Opera House. In 1897, the new Tuscumbia library which had been meeting at the Deshler Female Institute purchased the building through a third party. In 1897, the theater was closed for renovations and reopened two years later. The library occupied a portion of the first floor while the rest was rented to local businesses. The upstairs continued to serve as the town performance center. In 1908, the Colbert County Courthouse burned and the library offered the upstairs as the temporary court house until a new one could be built because the theater was not used during the summer. The county offices ended up remaining here until a new court house was built. The Old Opera House also housed the post office from 1915-1936 for which the U.S. Government rented part of the building. When the post office moved out, the library moved downstairs. In order to afford its new building on the corner of N. Main and N. Commons Streets, the library was forced to sell the Old Opera House building. The library hoped it would be preserved as a public meeting house or museum. The U.S. Department of Interior had recognized the building for its historical and architectural value. The architecture was reminiscent of colonial Williamsburg and throughout its history had housed a carriage factory, an opera house, a furniture store, a high school auditorium, courthouse, library, bus station, attorney's office, as well as numerous other locally-owned shops throughout the years. However, efforts to preserve the building were not successful and the building was sold to State National Bank, whose name was later changed to Central Bank of Alabama. The building was demolished and replaced with a newer bank building.
Journal of Muscle Shoals History. Tennessee Valley Historical Society 9 (1981). Young's Coach Shop Image courtesy of: "Florence Times," May 22, 1960.
Historic Businesses; Drug Stores; Colbert County; Alabama
This building was built in 1833. It was originally known as "The Railroad Hotel." and later as "The Major Pope Railroad Hotel." The word railroad was added because the hotel became a popular resting place for rail travelers even before the Civil War. The soda fountain was established in 1906 and appeared much the same as it does today. Early in the 20th century, it became a favorite meeting spot for Deshler High School students and was even owned at one point by Tuscumbia's own David Deshler. Harvey Robbins frequented the location with fellow Deshler students in the 1950s and it is where he also met his future wife, Joyce McKinney. In later years, dismayed at the idleness and dilapidation of their former hang-out spot, they purchased the store and remodeling began in 2000. It opened for business in 2001, restored to its former 1950s look and offering the same fast food, shakes, and ice cream sodas that were served there in decades past.
The Heritage of Colbert County. Clanton, AL: Heritage Publishing Consultants, Inc., 1999, 7.
Historic Businesses; Historic Buildings; Colbert County; Alabama
This structure was completed in 1839 on the northeast corner of 5th and Main Streets. John L. McRae was in involved in its construction. It was a three story brick building and competed with the Franklin House with its livery stable located just north of the hotel on Main Street. Fire destroyed the inside of the building in the early 1950s and the third story was not rebuilt when the bulding was restored. The building still stands today, but is not a hotel.
The Heritage of Colbert County. Clanton, AL: Heritage Publishing Consultants, Inc., 1999, 8.
Historic Businesses; Historic Hotels; Tuscumbia; Colbert County; Alabama
The Franklin House was one of Tuscumbia's early great landmarks. Colonel Robert Ransom moved to Tuscumbia from Tennessee and began construction of a hotel on the southeast corner of 5th and Water Streets. The Franklin House's grand opening of this hotel was June 1, 1837. It was advertised as the “house on Railroad Street.” It was 3 stories high with sixty rooms designed to accommodate two hundred guests. Board and lodging per year was $150, per month was $15, and per week was $5. A tornado destroyed the roof and top floor of the Franklin House in 1874. The hotel was remodeled during repairs and became the main offices of the Memphis and Charleston Railroad in 1875. The telegraph was also moved here. In 1878, the hotel was renamed the Parshall House by Mr. Schuyler who bought the building. Electric lights were added in 1905. The hotel burned on October 11, 1915 from a fire started on the top floor. The building pictured sits on the site of the Franklin House today.
Public Libraries; Cherokee; Colbert County; Alabama
The Cherokee Public Library is located on Church Street in downtown Cherokee, Colbert County. If heading west from Tuscumbia on Hwy 72, turn right on Main Street, cross the Old Lee Highway and the railroad, turn right on First Street, then take the first left on Church Street. The library is on the corner of First and Church Streets. It offers over 14,000 books and periodicals as well as 7 computers with DSL internet access for the general public and wifi access. The library is open 12 pm - 6pm Monday, 12 pm – 5 pm Tuesdays and Thursdays, and 10 am – 2 pm on Fridays. It is closed on Wednesdays, Saturdays, and Sundays.
“Cherokee Public Library," Accessed Novermber, 16, 2015, http://webmini.apls.state.al.us/apls_web/cherokee/?q=home. http://thermasavetech.com/?attachment_id=482
Pathways: Walk through the History of Muscle Shoals
Muscle Shoals; Colbert County; Alabama; Museums; City Hall; Muscle Shoals Music; Muscle Shoals Sound; FAME Studios; Natchez Trace Parkway; Shoals; Tennessee River; Wilson Dam; Tennessee Valley Authority
“Pathways: Walk through the History of Muscle Shoals” is a corridor of historic displays in the Muscle Shoals City Hall. It covers the history of the city of Muscle Shoals, the Wilson Dam and Lock, and Muscle Shoals Music with exhibits of original documents and photographs. Admission is free and it is open from 8:00 a.m. - 4:30 p.m Monday-Friday.
“Natchez Trace Parkway,” Accessed November 17, 2015, http://www.scenictrace.com/pathways-walk-through-the-history-of-muscle-shoals/. “Muscle Shoals Music,” Muscle Shoals Area, Alabama, Accessed November 17, 2015, http://www.colbertcountytourism.org/index.php/2012-11-08-15-06-08/2012-11-12-01-58-07. “Pathways: Walk through the History of Muscle Shoals,” Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area, Accessed November 17, 2015, http://msnha.una.edu/plan-a-visit/?a=18.
Museums, Art Museums; Shoals; Muscle Shoals; Colbert County; Alabama; Tuscumbia; Tennessee Valley; Tennessee River; Native Americans; Petroglyphs
The Tennessee Valley Art Association was incorporated in 1964 in order to create an art museum and develop public programming related to the arts. The Tennessee Valley Art Center was constructed in 1972 on property provided by the city of Tuscumbia. The Association began a series of concerts at local churches in the late 1970s and founded two music schools and two theater programs in the 80s. For five years, these programs rehearsed in the Art Center before they incorporated separately as the Shoals Symphony. In 1998, the Art Center added an extension which doubled exhibition space, providing a workshop and art storage. The permanent exhibition of the Martin Petroglyph , a 3,000 pound boulder depicts human footprints and snakes carved by the prehistoric people of northwest Alabama. Objects include shell and stone carvings, pottery, and projectile points of the earliest people of the area. A plaza honoring TVAA founder, Ethel Davis, was constructed in 2008. The museum's name was changed to The Tennessee Valley Museum of Art in 2009. The museum is open Monday – Friday, 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. and Sundays 1 p.m. - 3 p.m. Admission is free on Sundays. It is closed on Saturdays and all major holidays. It is located at 511 N Water Street, Tuscumbia, AL and is adjacent to the Helen Keller Birthplace and behind the Helen Keller Public Library. Parking is available on the east side of the museum on Water Street, but one must enter the museum from the west side of the building.
“Tennessee Valley Art Association,” Accessed November 17, 2015, http://www.tvaa.net/.
Tuscumbia Railroad and Transportation Museum
Tuscumbia, Colbert County; Alabama; Historic Railroad Depot; Museums; Railroad Museum; Frontier Railroad Town
The Tuscumbia Railroad Historic Depot, located at 204 W. 5th St. in downtown Tuscumbia is a fully restored museum based on how it was when it was built in 1888. The museum displays train memorabilia, interactive train simulators, telegraph demonstrations and information about Tuscumbia's history. Its hours of operation are Tuesday – Friday 9 a.m. - 3 p.m.
“Muscle Shoals National Heritage Area,” Accessed November 17, 2015, http://msnha.una.edu/plan-a-visit/?a=28. “Historic Tuscumbia Railroad Depot,” Sweet Home Alabama: The Official Travel Site of Alabama, Accessed November 21, 2015, http://alabama.travel/places-to-go/historic-tuscumbia-railway-depot.
Public Library; Leighton; Colbert County; Alabama
The Leighton Public Library is located at 8740 Main Street in Leighton, Colbert County, just off Old Hwy 20. If heading east from Muscle Shoals on Hwy 72, turn left on County Line Road which turns into Leighton's Main Street. Besides 6,300 books, the library lends DVD's and has available fax and copy machines as well as free wifi. It is open Tuesday – Friday from 1:45 pm – 5 pm and Saturday from 11 am – 2 pm. It is closed on Sundays and Mondays.
“Leighton Public Library,” leightonpubliclibrary.com, Accessed November 16, 2015, http://leightonpubliclibrary.com/index.html. “Leighton Public Library,” libraries.org: A directory of libraries throughout the world, March 6, 2015, Accessed November 16, 2015, http://librarytechnology.org/libraries/library.pl?id=6642.
Public Libraries; Muscle Shoals; Colbert County; Alabama
The Muscle Shoals Public Library is located at 1918 East Avalon Avenue in Muscle Shoals, Colbert County, next to Muscle Shoals High School. It contains approximately 52,000 volumes and offers DVD's, audiobooks, computers, and free wifi to the public. It also offers a homebound delivery service free of charge. It is open Mondays 1 p.m. – 5 p.m., Tuesdays and Thursdays 10 a.m. – 7 p.m. Wednesdays, Fridays, and Saturdays 10 a.m. - 5 p.m., and is closed on Sundays.
“Muscle Shoals Public Library,” libraries.org: A directory of libraries throughout the world, March 6, 2015, Accessed November 16, 2015, http://librarytechnology.org/libraries/library.pl?id=4642. Image provided by: http://helenkellerhealth.com/the-shoals/muscle-shoals/ “Muscle Shoals Public Library,” http://www1.youseemore.com/muscleshoals/contentpages.asp?loc=35, Accessed November 16, 2015
Public Libraries; Sheffield; Colbert County; Alabama
The Sheffield Public Library is one of five public libraries in Colbert County. It is located at 316 N. Montgomery Ave. From Hwy 72 in Muscle Shoals, take E 2nd St. until N Montgomery Ave, then go north. The library is on the corner of N Montgomery Ave. and 4th St. It is open Monday – Friday 9 a.m. - 5 p.m. In 1890, a group of women came together and lended books out of their own personal collections. In 1919, the library found a home in the Red Cross building on the corner of 5th St. and Montgomery Ave. In 1948, the city of Sheffield let the library use the municipal building. That same year, the Friends of the Sheffield Library formed in 1948 as a non-profit corporation with the purpose of providing the library with its own building and to encourage the use of the library by the public. This organization purchased a building on the corner of 5th St. and Nashville Ave. and donated it to the city of Sheffield as a public library in 1963. In 1974, the library moved to a larger building. The Friends purchased the building next to the library in 1983. This building has since been turned into a conference room and local history room.
“Sheffield Public Library,” Accessed November 16, 2015, http://www1.youseemore.com/sheffieldpl/default.asp.
Colbert County; Alabama; Tuscumbia; Museums; Muscle Shoals Sound; FAME Studios; Muscle Shoals Sound Studio; Blues; Country; Rock n Roll; R & B; Music Hall of Fame; Clarence Carter; Percy Sledge; Wilson Pickett; Aretha Franklin; The Rolling Stones; Paul Simon; Bobby Womack; Mary MacGregor
The Alabama Music Hall of Fame, located off Hwy 72 in Colbert County, on the outskirts of Tuscumbia is the hall of fame that honors Alabamians who have made major contributions to American music. Over the years, it has provided an educational experience in which thousands of tourists, historians, school children, and music fans have toured to learn of the many contributions Alabamians have made to music. These accomplishments are not limited to any particular genre, nor are only musicians honored. Alabamian performers, songwriters, managers, and publishers all receive due recognition for their contributions. The accomplishments of successful individuals from Alabama in the music industry are recognized by the Hall of Fame through inductions, exhibits illustrating those accomplishments, and a walk of fame that includes permanent bronze stars for all inductees. Its location in the area known as The Shoals is no accident. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, the neighboring town of Muscle Shoals became nationally famous for its two recording studios, FAME and the Muscle Shoals Sound Studios where artists such as Percy Sledge, Wilson Pickett, Aretha Franklin, The Rolling Stones, and Paul Simon recorded many of their hits. A unique “Muscle Shoals Sound” developed over these years which according to blues singer Clarence Carter was “a blend of country, gospel and R & B.” By the mid 70s, the Shoals was home to eight stuidios. In the 1980s, the Muscle Shoals Music Association, a local professional organization of music professionals and the state legislature, under the leadership of state Sen. Bobby Denton, formed the Alabama Music Hall of Fame Board with a mandate to honor Alabama’s famous music achievers and to construct a venue in which to display the accomplishments of these talented individuals. In 1987, citizens of Alabama passed a state-wide referendum which authorized the construction of Phase One of the construction of a 12,500-square foot exhibit facility. More than 35,000 music enthusiasts attended the Alabama Music Hall of Fame's Grand Opening in 1990 which included performances by some of the state's most talented musicians. The Alabama Hall of Fame is open Tuesday – Friday 9 a.m. - 5:00 a.m. Directions and Admission: http://www.alamhof.org/visit/hours-and-rates/ Alabama Hall of Fame List of Inductees: http://www.alamhof.org/inductees/inductees/inductees-2/
“Alabama Music Hall of Fame,” 2015, Accessed November 17, 2015, http://www.alamhof.org/about/. Elliot, Debbie. “The Legendary Muscle Shoals Sound: Alabama Studios Rolled Out Big Hits of '60s and '70s,” NPR, September 20, 2003, Accessed November 17, 2015, http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1437161.
Tuscumbia; Colbert County; Alabama; Andrew Jackson; Old Jackson Highway; Stagecoach Stop
The Coldwater Stagecoach Stop is located 302 South Dickson St. in Tuscumbia. It was built as early as 1815 as a small log cabin. It served as a stagecoach stop on the Jackson Military Road and is believed to be one of several cabins operated as a hotel by Michael Dickson, the first white settler to Tuscumbia.
“Natchez Trace Parkway,” Accessed November 17, 2015, http://www.scenictrace.com/coldwater-stagecoach-stop/
Muscle Shoals Sound; Sheffield; Tennessee River; Colbert County; Alabama; James Brown; Joan Baez; Jimmy Buffet; Bob Dylan; The Oak Ridge Boys; Julian Lennon; Melissa Etheridge; Little Milton
Cypress Moon Studio is located at 1000 Alabama Avenue in Sheffield. The studio overlooks the Tennessee River. There is parking with picnic tables right across from the studio by the river. The Muscle Shoals Sound Studio moved from its original location at 3614 Jackson Highway in Sheffield to this building in 1978. The building belonged formerly to the Naval Reserve before the Muscle Shoals Sound Studio converted it into a multi-studio complex. Many of the most important recording artists of the era created their gold and platinum records here, including James Brown, Joan Baez, Jimmy Buffet, Bob Dylan, The Oak Ridge Boys, Julian Lennon, Melissa Etheridge and Little Milton. The building now houses a film production company, but the historic recording studio is still in use.
"Cypress Moon Studio," Natchez Trace Parkway, http://www.scenictrace.com/cypress-moon-studio/.
Colbert County Reporter / Standard & Times
Historic Newspapers; Historic Businesses; Commercial Row,;Tuscumbia; Colbert County, Alabama; Standard and Times; Colbert County Reporter; Tuscumbia Historic District
The Standard & Times was founded in 1829. The building still stands at 106 W 5th Street as part of the original seven buildings that comprised the historic Commercial Row where it continues to serve as a newspaper office for the Colbert County Reporter. The original printing press of the Standard and Times still sits in the back of the Colbert County Reporter, along with other vintage printing equipment (see photos).
Historic Businesses; Seed Store; Tuscumbia; Colbert County, Alabama
According to the current owner of Coldwater Seed and Supply, it is one of the oldest, continually-operating seed stores in Alabama. It was founded in 1930.
Historic Businesses; Sheffield; Colbert County; Alabama, Hardware; Historic Buildings
Sheffield Hardware is located directly across from the Sheffield Library at 309 North Montgomery Avenue. The building was built in 1896 and became the original Sheffield Hardware in 1898. In the 1930's, the building became McClellan's Five and Dime Store until the 70's. It was largely unoccupied except for storage until the owners of the new Sheffield Hardware renovated the building in 2014. The historic building opened once again for business in 2015.
Conversation with store manager, December 5, 2015
Hisotoric Buildings; Historic Business; Commercial Row; Tuscumbia; Colbert County; Alabama; Women's Clothing Store
The building that now houses Audie Mescal Womens Clothing is one of the oldest commercial buildings in Colbert County, belonging to the original seven buildings that made Commercial Row in the 1830s. It was in this building that Helen Keller's father, Arthur H. Keller edited his newspaper, "The North Alabamian."
Colbert County Tourism, December 4, 2015.
Historic Businesses; Historic Restaurants; Fifties Diner; Sheffield; Tuscumbia; Colbert County; Alabama
Southland, located at 1309 S. Jackson Highway in Sheffield was founded in 1950 primarily as a BBQ place and evolved over the years to offer a more diversified menu. In 2012, the building that housed Southland was bought by Steve Gaskins who now owns and operates Stephano's. However, the original Southland sign still remains. Stephano's offers a wide variety of dishes and combinations, ranging from popular Italian dishes, to local favorites like BBQ and freshly-made desserts. Stephano's has kept many of the same dishes and combinations from Southland's menu.
North Alabama Abstract & Guaranty Company
Historic Buildings; Businesses; Tuscumbia Historic District; Downtown Tuscumbia; Clark House; Colbert County; Colbert County Courthouse; Alabama
The building that currently houses the North Alabama Abstract is known as the Clark Building. It is a part of the Colbert County Courthouse Square Historic District. The district is part of the National Register of Historic Places. This brick building was built in 1926. The photo of the old smokehouse is taken from behind the building.
"Colbert County Courthouse Square Historic District," Accessed December 7, 2015, http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Colbert_County_Courthouse_Square_Historic_District.
2005.36.399: James W. Watts to Lou Young, 1860 May 13
1860; Waco; Texas; Lou Young; James W. Watts; Sister; Friend; Lucy; Sally; School; Education; Drought; gentleman
Describe the letter in detail here . . . .
2005.36.407: James W. Watts to Tom, 1858 September 21
A very short letter, in response to one from Tom. Watts said he agreed with the plan for the perez (?) as all parties agreed. One handwritten page.
2005.36.122: Jeannie to Louisa Young, 22 May 1859
1859; Charleston; South Carolina; Jeannie; Calhoun family; Family; Emotions; Sickness; Homesickness; Social Relations; Entertainment
This letter expresses pain and disappointment related to the “very long time” since receiving a letter. Jeannie compares the love to a son to her love for Louisa. The letter also discusses the social life of Charleston, South Carolina.
During the 1960s and 1970s the music industry in the Shoals earned national recognition through the success of FAME Recording Studio and Muscle Shoals Sound Studio. Musicians such as Bob Dylan, The Rolling Stones, Aretha Franklin, and Percy Sledge have all recorded hit songs at a Shoals recording studio. However, neither studio was the first official studio nor the first recording company in the Shoals. In fact, the first recording company in the Shoals, Tune Records, operated out of the back room of a bus station in Florence, Alabama. James Joiner, whose dad started a Florence-based charter bus company in 1939, wanted to expose the rich musical talent in the Shoals. So, with Kelson Hurtson, Walter Stovall, and Marvin Wilson, Joiner formed Tune Records and Publishing Company during the 1950s. Tune Records was the “first full-fledged record company in Alabama.” Using local radio stations, such as WLAY, to record songs, the company’s first regional hit, “A Fallen Star,” came in 1957. Joiner wrote “A Fallen Star” after watching a shooting star across the night sky, and relied on Bobby Denton’s vocals to do bring the song to life. As a result of the song’s success, musicians across the north region of Alabama traveled to Florence in order to sing for Tune Records. One teenager who cut songs with Joiner’s company was Rick Hall, who would later become Alabama’s most successful music producer at FAME Recording Studios. Due to the inability to produce another regionally successful hit, Tune Records closed down by 1960.
Jesse Brock, University of North Alabama
Text: Greg Carmalier, Muscle Shoals: The Incredible True Story of a Small Town with a Big Sound, DVD, Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2014. Christopher S. Fuqua, Music Fell on Alabama (Huntsville: Honeysuckle Imprint, 1991), 8.
On the first Friday of each month from March through December, Florence residents come together at historic downtown Florence to celebrate the town’s rich culture in the arts. The scene is a festive atmosphere and the admission is free. Streets are closed for vehicle transportations while the sidewalks and street corners are occupied by pedestrian traffic, booths, and music stages. Florence citizens and local businesses and organizations set up booths in order to sell photography, paintings, ceramics, foodstuff, and other artistic matters. On this night, many downtown stores and restaurants stay open after hours for in order to provide business and browsing. Stages are set up for local bands to perform to a mixed crowd of recognizable and new faces. The city of Florence has put on this event since 2005. Numerous organizations and departments had to agree in order to establish the First Friday festival. Downtown Florence Unlimited, which comprises of retail and service businesses, educational institutions, and non-profit organizations, collaborated with the City of Florence, Florence Main Street Program, the University of North Alabama, and the Florence/Lauderdale Tourism Department for the event to take off. Two partner organizations associated with Florence First Fridays are The Kiwanis Club and the Kennedy-Douglas Center for the Arts.
Text: “First Fridays Art Event in Downtown Florence,” Explore the Shoals, 2008-2009, 140. Downtown Florence Unlimited, “Partner Organizations,” Florence First Fridays, http://www.firstfridaysflorence.org/partners.html (accessed May 1, 2015). Images: “October First Friday in Florence,” Times Daily, http://www.timesdaily.com/collection_1a88741a-2d58-11e3-9a28-001a4bcf6878.html (accessed May 1, 2014).
Festival; Theatre; Film; University of North Alabama; Arts; Florence, AL
George Smith Lindsey attended Florence State Teachers College (now present day University of North Alabama) during the late 1940s. At Florence State Lindsey excelled both on the football field and in the theatre. One of the theatrical plays in which Lindsey performed was Oklahoma!. After graduating in 1952, Lindsey attended the prestigious New York theatre school—the American Theatre Wing—in the late 1950s. Shortly thereafter, in 1962 he signed a contract with the William Morris Agency and got roles on numerous television shows such as “Twilight Zone” and “The Alfred Hitchock Hour.” Following these minor roles, he earned the infamous role as Goober Pyle on “The Andy Griffith Show” for five years during the 1960s. After the cancellation of “The Andy Griffith Show,” Lindsey caused many Americans to laugh with his comedy sketches on the show “Hee Haw” for nearly twenty-years. In order to promote the art of theatre and to highlight talented individuals, George Smith Lindsey along with deceased UNA Communications and Theatre established the competitive George Lindsey Film Festival in 1998. For the past eighteen years, the University of North Alabama has hosted the film festival in the Spring. In March of 2015, the University of North Alabama (UNA) hosted the eighteenth Annual George Lindsey UNA Film Festival. Over three thousand local, national, and international entries were submitted at the 2015 festival, at which only one hundred were chosen to be screened. Awards are given to the first place winner in each category, and a special award is given to the best film made in the state of Alabama. Overall, according to Lindsey the festival strives to “take the energy that is in Hollywood and bring it to north Alabama.”
Text: University of North Alabama, “George Lindsey-Biography, University of North Alabama, https://www.una.edu/library/collections/george-lindsey---biography.html (accessed May 1, 2015). “George Lindsey TV & Film Festival set for April 1998,” in The 1st George Lindsey Television & Film Festival Memorabilia Book, compiled by Lisa Darnell, The George Lindsey Collection, Archives/Special Collections, Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama. George Lindsey UNA Film Festival, “About the Festival,” Lindsey Film Fest, www.lindseyfilmfest.com (accessed May 1, 2015). “UNA Hosts First Lindsey TV, Film Fest,” in The 1st George Lindsey Television & Film Festival Memorabilia Book, compiled by Lisa Darnell, The George Lindsey Collection, Archives/Special Collections, Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama. Images: Folder “Alumni: Lindsey, George,” University Collections,Archives/Special Collections, Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama.
Festival; Music; Arts; Culture; Florence, AL
During the early 2000s, award winning American fashion designer Billy Reid established his flagship store in downtown Florence. In addition to his good taste in fashion, Reid also loves music. He has recognized that the town of Florence and the surrounding area has a rich music culture, both in the past and in the present with up and coming artists. Therefore, in 2008 he organized a weeklong event during the Fall of each year in downtown Florence that celebrated and exposed this unique culture. Local bands play concerts at Wilson Park and vendor booths line the streets selling art, food, and clothing. In all the event is full of “good music, good fashion, good food and good times.”
Text: Bobby Bozeman, “Billy Reid Shindig Introduces Shoals to Out-of-Towners and Vice Versa,” Times Daily, August 14, 2014. Lauren Ferguson and Ashley Williams, “Shindig Features Music, New Billy Reid T-Shirt Line,” The Daily South, August 15, 2014.
Since 1986, the city of Florence has hosted an annual two day festival dedicated to highlighting the local area’s rich art culture known as Arts Alive. Each year, the event has is organized through the hard work and efforts of a volunteer committee. During the event local, regional, and national acclaimed artists set up booths at Wilson Park and the Kennedy Douglas Center for the Arts in downtown Florence.The festival does not focus on one particular style of art. Instead, the festival showcases artworks from various categories—painting, stained glass, jewelry, sculpture, pottery, fiber art, needle work, photography, music, and more. One local artists claimed that the festival is both unique and important for the artist and community because provides the two different spheres an “opportunity to meet and talk.” In addition, the festival stresses the importance of art among the younger generation with the inclusion of a dedicated area for children artwork. Overall, the admission is free and the art is beautiful.
Text: Arts Alive Alabama, “Information,” Arts Alive, www.alabamaartsalive.com/information (accessed May 2, 2015). “Arts are Alive: Annual Festival Returns to Downtown,” Times Daily, May 12, 2014. “This Year The Arts Live,” Courier Journal, April 22, 2015.
Festival; Arts; Culture; University of North Alabama; Florence, AL
One of the world’s oldest spoken art form is storytelling and the Communication Department at the University of North Alabama acknowledges this. Beginning in 2011, UNA communications professor Dr. Bill Huddleston started to offer the course COM 480/580, which focuses on storytelling. Also beginning in 2011, the University of North Alabama and the Alabama Humanities Foundation, a state program of the National Endowment for the Humanities, co-sponsored an annual event known as Front Porch Storytelling Festival. The festival takes place in May on the University of North Alabama’s campus and various places in the city of Florence, such as Wilson Park and McFarland Park. During the festival, national, state, and local orators and musicians provide entertainment. In 2015, the first “Story Slam” took place. The Story Slam is an open competition to high school and middle school students, who share a five minute personal stories from their lives based on a themed subject. The winner of the Story Slam competition receives a five hundred dollar award.
Text: “A Class Act,” in folder “University Events: Front Porch Storytelling Festival,” University Collection, Archives/Special Collections, Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama. Terry Pace, “Front Porch Storytelling Festival,” The Quad-Cities Daily, May 13, 2013. University of North Alabama, “Story Slam,” UNA Front Porch Storytelling Festival, www.una.edu/storytelling.student-competition-html (accessed May 1, 2015). Images: folder “University Events: Front Porch Storytelling Festival,” University Collection, Archives/Special Collections, Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama.
Festival; Arts; Culture; St. Florian, AL
The town of Saint Florian, Alabama, has a strong German heritage. It was established in 1872 by a Catholic priest named J. H. Hueser. Hueser, the director of the Homeland Security of Cincinnati, Ohio, purchased over two thousand acres of land in north Alabama, hoping to spread Catholicism into the region. He sold the purchased land for eight dollars per acre to German Catholic families. The German residents established the Saint Michael’s Catholic Church, and the town was named after Mrs. Florian Rasch because she donated the bell for the newly established church. Saint Michael’s Catholic Church also acted as a school. The wife of the first preacher at Saint Michael’s Catholic Church, Annie Merz, taught German classes at the school during the 1870s. In addition to the church, the town had a blacksmith, a boarding house, a post office, a shoe shop, a brick yard, and a cotton gin. Nearly one hundred years after its establishment, on August 18, 1970 the resident’s in St. Florian decided to incorporate the town. Beginning in 2002, the residents in St. Florian celebrated their town’s German heritage with the establishment of the Oktoberfest festival, which takes place during the first weekend in October. The two day festival is located at the St. Florian Community Park. Many attendees wear traditional German clothing, listen to music, drink from the beer garden, and eat German food such as brats and potato balls. The proceeds from the festival goes toward the town’s operating capital for the senior center.
Text: Tennessee Valley Historical Society, “St. Florian,” Journal of Muscle Shoals Vol. X (1983), 143-144. Jill Garrett, “First Catholic Church in County,” in folder “McDonald Collection: Church Information-Vol. 7: Other Denomination-Catholic, Churches 7.2,” Box 37, Bill McDonald Collection, Archives/Special Collections, Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama. Bobby Bozeman, “St. Florian Celebrates German Heritage with 12th Annual Oktoberfest,” Times Daily, October 2, 2014.
The Florence Main Street Program, a non-profit organization, strives to renovate the downtown sector of Florence, Alabama. One of the organization’s recent projects is the beautiful mural located on the exterior wall of Fred’s Super Dollar store located at 321 North Court St. The project required a two-step process during the years 2013 and 2014 and cost a total of $14,000. Beginning in 2013 Shoals artists Tim Stevenson, Robin Campbell, and Ronnie Riner designed and painted the mural’s panels, which according to Stevenson “captures the quality of life enjoyed in the Shoals.” The mural’s seven panels offers a glimpse into life in the Shoals and represents the rich culture in the region. The first phase of the project consisted of five panels. The first panel depicts the Forks of Cypress, the house of James Jackson. The second panel is of The University of North Alabama. The flowing waters of the Tennessee River are painted on the third panel, while the fourth panel shows a front porch scene. Stevenson designed the first phase’s final panel, which shows a Renaissance woman playing the fiddle, in order to express how “music is the heart beat of the area.” In the following year Stevenson, Campbell, and Riner completed the second phase of the mural, which consisted of two panels. The sixth panel’s design consisted of arrowheads, pottery, and feathers, and acted as an homage to the region’s Native American culture. The last panel shows a man and his dog walking along the water banks. Overall, the mural’s artwork represents five components of Florence—local history, education, music, the Tennessee River, and Native American culture.
Text: Jennifer Edwards, “Muralis Interruptus in Florence,” Times Daily,July 7, 2013.
Theatre; Arts; Culture; Music; Florence, AL
According to Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps, an opera house operated in Florence during the late 1880s and permanently closed its doors during the early twentieth century. Between 1894 and 1905 the venue was known as Turner Opera House. During the years of operation, the opera house had numerous managers, such as John B. McClure. Many national recognized actors and artists, such as the Conklings, Mr. John Thompson, Mr. Rowland D. Williams, and General John B. Gordon, put on dramas, comedies, and musical concerts. In addition, local talent from the Shoals put on shows and events. For example, actors from Florence and Sheffield put on the opera “H. M. S. Pinafore” on January 24, 1896. On regular occasions the proceeds of events went towards local charities, such as the construction of Confederate Monument and City Infirmary.
Text: “Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps,” Florence Lauderdale Public Library, Local History Room Collection, folder “Opera House,” Florence, Alabama. “Opera House. Two Good Attractions for February 22nd, and March 15th,” Florence Herald, February 1, 1984, Florence Lauderdale Public Library, Florence, Alabama, Local History Room Collection, folder “Opera House,” Florence, Alabama. “H. M. S. Pinafore. In the Opera House Friday, January 24th,” Florence Times, January 11, 1896, Florence Lauderdale Public Library, Local History Room Collection, folder “Opera House,” Florence, Alabama. “Gen. Gordon’s Lectures,” Florence Standard-Journal, May 6, 1898, Florence Lauderdale Public Library, Local History Room Collection, folder “Opera House,” Florence, Alabama. Images: Flyer for a 1895 play at the Florence Opera House, Nolen Collection, “Florence area 1880s-1920s: Photos,” Archives/Special Collections, Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama.
Theatre; Arts; University of North Alabama; Florence, AL
On March 2, 2012, the University of North Alabama (UNA) in Florence, Alabama, conducted a grand ceremony for the George Lindsey Theatre. The university broke ground for the theatre exactly a year earlier in March of 2011. One individual in the crowd during the grand ceremony was George Smith Lindsey, the individual who the theatre was named after. Lindsey attended Florence State Teachers College (now present day University of North Alabama) during the late 1940s. At Florence State Lindsey excelled both on the football field and in the theatre. After graduating in 1952 with a Bachelor Degree in second education and physical education and serving in the Air Force, Lindsey attended the prestigious New York theatre school—the American Theatre Wing—in the late 1950s. Shortly thereafter, he earned the infamous role as Goober Pyle on “The Andy Griffith Show” during the 1960s and later caused many Americans to laugh with his comedy sketches on the show “Hee Haw.” Therefore, the University of North Alabama decided to name the newly constructed theatre after one of its most acclaimed alumnus. The theatre is located on the southwest corner of UNA’s campus on the Irvine Street. In all the theatre consists of over eight thousand square feet and is the “Shoal’s are premier theatre space.” Offices, conference rooms, classrooms, and the Borgnine Performance Hall are in the George Lindsey theatre. The Borgnine Performance Hall is a black box theatre (black walls and flat floor), that provides UNA students with versatile performance space. In addition, the theatre is equipped with state-of-the-art theatrical equipment. The total cost for the construction of the George Lindsey Theatre was two million dollars.
Text: University of North Alabama, “UNA to Host Grand Ceremony for Black Box Theatre March 2,” in folder “University Architecture: Fine Arts Center—George Lindsey/Ernest Borgnine Performance Hall,” University Collection, Archives/Special Collections, Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama. University of North Alabama, “George Lindsey-Biography, University of North Alabama, https://www.una.edu/library/collections/george-lindsey---biography.html (accessed May 1, 2015). Michelle Rupe Eubanks, “Theater to be Named for George Lindsey,” in folder “University Architecture: Fine Arts Center—George Lindsey/Ernest Borgnine Performance Hall,” University Collection, Archives/Special Collections, Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama.
Music; Culture; Florence, AL; Muscle Shoals, AL
During the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s (years generally known as the “recording years”), the success of FAME Recording Studio in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, brought national attention to the region. Musicians such as the Swampers, Joe Tex, Aretha Franklin, Wilson Pickett, The Osmonds, Duane Allman have cut hits at the legendary studio ran by Rick Hall. However, the studio did not originate in Muscle Shoals. Instead, the recording studio was founded in downtown Florence, Alabama, at the intersection of Tennessee St. and Seminary Street. Influenced by the success of the hit song “A Fallen Star” recorded by the Florence recording studio known as Tune Records in 1957, Rick Hall, Billy Sherrill, and Tom Stafford decided to collaborated together and establish the Florence Alabama Music Enterprises, or FAME. The location of the original FAME recording studio was in the second floor suit above the Florence City Drugstore. To make the rooms have the vibe as a recording studio, egg cartons were placed on the walls for soundproofing. During the early years, the recording studio brought in talented local musicians such as Dan Penn. However, Hall believed that he, Sherrill, and Stafford needed to put more hours into recording and producing songs. His intense approach to the music industry did not settle well with his partners. As a result, in 1960 the partnership between the three ended. Hall was given the rights to the FAME name and FAME publishing company and would go on to establish the nationally acknowledged FAME Recording Studio in Muscle Shoals. Stafford continued to operate the studio above the City Drug Store, which became Spar Music Studio. At Spar Music, local musicians such as Donnie Fritts, Spooner Oldham, Jimmy Johnson, David Hood, and Roger Hawkins joined together on daily basis to play music. However, Spar Music Studio did not produce a hit record and closed its doors during the early 1960s. A historical marker is the only symbol left for the birthplace of FAME because the building ceases to exist.
Text: Greg Carmalier, Muscle Shoals: The Incredible True Story of a Small Town with a Big Sound, DVD, Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2014. Christopher S. Fuqua, Music Fell on Alabama (Huntsville: Honeysuckle Imprint, 1991), 14-19.
Between the 1950s and 1980s the success of Shoals recording studios, such as FAME Recording Studio and Muscle Shoals Sound Studio, earned the Shoals region’s music industry national attention. Artists such as Bob Dylan, The Rolling Stones, and Aretha Franklin recorded top charting hits at Shoals studios. During the twentieth-first century the Shoals music industry has continued to thrive. One reason for this is due to the success of Single Lock Records in Florence, whose name derives from the Wilson Dam, which at time of construction was the largest single lock dam in the world. Established in 2013 by John Paul White (The Civil Wars), Ben Tanner (Alabama Shakes and The Bear), and Will Trapp (a Shoals native and financial advisor), Single Lock Records is an indie label that focuses on local talent. Bands and musicians that have signed with Single Lock Records are The Bear, Belle Adair, St. Paul & The Broken Bones, Dylan LeBlanc, and Donnie Fritts. The record label uses Sun Drop Studios in Florence and hosts concerts at their small venue located at 116 East Mobile Street, Florence, Alabama.
Text: Greg Carmalier, Muscle Shoals: The Incredible True Story of a Small Town with a Big Sound, DVD, Magnolia Home Entertainment, 2014. Single Lock Records,” Alabama Chanin Journal, May 28, 2013, http://alabamachanin.com/journal/2013/05/single-lock-records/ (accessed May 1, 2015). Single Lock Records, “About Us,” Single Lock Records, http://www.singlelock.com/ (accessed May 1, 2015).
The shape-note notation was an American pedagogical tool designed to increase the music education of the average citizen who did not have the financial resources or time to learn the traditional round note notation. New Englanders William Smith and William Little patented the shape-note notation in 1796 and published The Easy Instructor, the first shape-note tunebook, in 1801. Smith and Little used four geometrical shapes to symbolize individual music notes on the staff instead of the traditional round note heads. Smith and Little’s use of syllables to designate and sing pitches is called solmization. The four-syllable solmization system in The Easy Instructor allotted a right sided triangle to indicate the note fa, an oval symbolized sol, a square was assigned for la, and a diamond represented mi. Smith and Little initially created the system as a response to the widespread musical illiteracy among America’s common folk. The effects of this music illiteracy were most evident in Protestant church services during the eighteenth century, when congregations practiced a singing technique called “lining out.” Lining out, also known as “call and response,” involved a minister singing the words of a song as he saw fit, and the congregation repeating the words and melody. While lining out enabled them to sing, it did not require participants to be literate in music and many believed that it produced poor quality music. For instance, in 1721, music reformer Thomas Walter characterized call and response music as “hideous and disorderly … beyond expression bad … miserably tortured, and twisted, and quavered … a horrid Medley of confused and disorderly Noise.” Not long after The Easy Instructor was published in 1801, other music composers acknowledged the shape-note notation’s pedagogical effectiveness in teaching music literacy. Many composers adopted the rudimental introduction and the system to notate songs. Over thirty-eight four shape-note tunebooks were composed between the years 1801 and 1855, many due to the Second Great Awakening. The Second Great Awakening spawned hundreds of new hymnals. Since camp revivals relied upon communal singing, shape-note tunebooks provided a means for the congregations to participate in hymn singing. Some religious denominations, such as the Primitive Baptists and the Churches of Christ, realized the effectiveness of shape-notes, and, as a result, adopted shape-note notation in worship hymnals for years following the Second Great Awakening. From 1801 to the 1830s, the shape-note system was taught in singing schools established in urban and rural communities in both the North and South. These singing schools, taught by individuals considered to be vocal masters taught the schools, usually lasted from one to two weeks and relied on shape-note tunebooks to teach attendees the fundamentals of music. After the completion of singing school, many pupils went on to establish communal monthly shape-note singing events, normally lasting a few hours during the afternoon. In addition to these monthly meetings, shape-note singers started to organize state wide conventions that met anywhere from two to three days and targeted a wider geographical area than monthly local singings. Overall, these singing schools, communal singings, and conventions during the nineteenth century spread knowledge of shape-notes in American culture. With the popularity of tunebooks and singing schools came new developments. Some shape-note composers believed that Smith and Little’s four-note system could be improved. One Pennsylvania composer, Jesse B. Aikin, believed all seven notes in the music scale should be taught with shape-notes. In 1846, Aikin’s tunebook The Christian Minstrel, continued to use Smith’s and Little’s geometrical shapes for the notes fa, sol, la, and mi; but he implemented new shapes for the notes do, re, and ti. Aikin “used an equiangular triangle for Doe, a wine glass for Ray, and a fan for See.” Three elements played a factor in why the South far more than the North, enthusiastically embraced, shape-notes during the nineteenth century. First, they were linked with the democracy of music itself. Second, during the Second Great Awakening the singing of hymns unified Southern people in revivals. Last, with the demand for tunebooks during the Awakening, tens of thousands of shape-note tunebooks in the South during the nineteenth century. From the end of the Civil War until the turn of the century, Southerners strove to redevelop their culture and identity. Shape-notes were vital elements in both religious and secular settings during this time period in the South. By the late nineteenth century, many Primitive Baptists, Free Will Baptists, and Churches of Christ in the South adopted shape-notes in worship hymnals. Few musical genres in America have escaped the influence of shape-notes, especially in the South. Many southern gospel, country, and bluegrass musicians learned how to read music and gained the ability to harmonize their voice after studying shape-note tunebooks and attending singing schools. The spread of shape-notes as a result of the southern gospel movement greatly influenced both country and bluegrass music. As children, members of the Carter Family, the Delmore Brothers, and the Louvin Brothers, all three considered key innovators of country music during the twentieth century, attended singing school where they sang music from shape-note singing schools. Also at singing schools, the families learned how vocally harmonize with one another, which helped their music become hit records. Also, Bill Monroe, the father of bluegrass music, developed his high pitched singing voice that is considered to be a distinctively bluegrass sound, while attending singing schools as a child in Kentucky. A twenty-first century country duo from the Shoals, the Secret Sisters, personally acknowledged that their vocal harmonies were deeply rooted in the Church of Christ worshiping services from shape-note hymnals. In all, the notation entered into American culture during the nineteenth century and continues to affect both religious and secular music. The shape-note notation is the root of American music and is the first American music innovation to influence Europe’s music culture.
Text: David Taddle. “Solmization, Scale, and Key in Nineteenth-Century Four-Shape Tunebooks: Theory and Practice.” American Music 1 (Spring, 1996). Joyce Irwin,.“The Theology of ‘Regular Singing.” The New England Quarterly 51, no. 2 (June, 1978). Irving Lowens and Allen P. Britton. “’The Easy Instructor’ (1798-1831): A History and Bibliography of the First Shape Note Tune Book.” Journal of Research in Music Education 1, no. 1 (Spring, 1953). The University of Mississippi Music Department, “The Old Way of Singing,” The University of Mississippi, http://home.olemiss.edu/~mudws/oldway.html (accessed on September 9, 2014). Richard Dalzell, “American Shape Notes: Background, Development, Practice and Present Status,” Ph.D. diss., University of Kansas, 1978. The Center for Church Music: Songs and Hymns, “Lowell Mason,” http://www.songsandhymns.org/people/detail/lowell-mason (accessed on November 22, 2014). Marian J. Hatchett. A Companion to the New Harp of Columbia. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2003. Nathan Hatch.The Democratization of American Christianity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989. Neil V. Rosenberg. Bluegrass: A History. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1985. The Secret Sisters, interviewed by Skip Matheny, Nashville, TN, 2012, http://www.americansongwriter.com/2012/09/drinks-with-the-secret-sisters/ (accessed February 3, 2015). George Pullen Jackson, White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands: The Story of the Fasola Folk, Their Songs, Singings, and ‘Buckwheat Notes’. Hatboro, Pennsylvania: Folklore Association, Inc., 1964 Images: George Pullen Jackson, White Spirituals in the Southern Uplands: The Story of the Fasola Folk, Their Songs, Singings, and ‘Buckwheat Notes’ (Hatboro, Pennsylvania: Folklore Association, Inc., 1964): 15. Douglas Harrison, Then Sings My Soul: The Culture of Southern Music (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2012), 5.
The Episcopalian movement in America began in the late 1700’s and spread into northwest Alabama during the 1800s. The oldest Episcopalian parish in the area is Trinity Episcopal Church in Florence, Alabama. In the 1820s the early congregation met at school houses, hotels, and private homes. It was not until the arrival of South Carolina Reverend Thomas Cook in the Shoals did a plan for constructing a church building emerge. Cook helped raise nearly fifteen thousand dollars for the construction of a building. As a result, the first church structure was completed in 1838. This edifice was located on a lot donated by local resident James Jackson, and sat on the corner of College and Cedar Streets in Florence. Seven years later in 1845, the first Bishop of Alabama, Reverend Hamner Cobbs, concentrated Trinity Episcopal Church. Trinity Episcopal Church closed during the Civil War. In fact, all Episcopal churches in the state of Alabama closed during the war by Federal authorities because the ministers were ordered to omit prayer for the President Abraham Lincoln. Nearly thirty years after reopening its doors to the public, in 1893 a fire caused for the church to burn down. One of the few items salvaged was the church’s bell, which is in the present day church’s belfry. Following the fire, Florence resident Mrs. William Hardin gave the congregation a lot of land on the corner of Pine and Tuscaloosa Street downtown Florence. On this land, a new brick structure was completed in 1894. Five years later, Bishop Richard Wilmer consecrated the new church building on June 12, 1898. The brick structure is one of the finest examples of Gothic architecture in Lauderdale County. The building consist of a carved wood altar, chancel furnishings, and beautiful stained glass windows. Some of the renovations include the Parish House’s construction in 1929 and the additions of an education building and a Mullen Hall in 1967.
Text: Oscar D. Lewis, “Trinity Episcopal is One of City’s First,” in folder McDonald Collection: Church Information Collection-Vol. 8: Other Denominations-Episcopal, Churches 8.2,” Bill McDonald Collection, Archives/Special Collections, Collier Library, University of North Alabama, Florence, Alabama. Jill Knight Garrett, A History of Lauderdale County, Alabama, 145-146.